case-or-controversy requirement. The constitutional requirement that, for a federal court to hear a case, the case must involve an actual dispute. See CONTROVERSY(3); advisory opinion under OPINION(1). [Cases: Federal Courts 12.] “The courts of the United States do not sit to decide questions of law presented in a vacuum, but only such questions as arise […]
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cases and controversies 〈美〉案件和争议 美国宪法中的用语，有时也称「case or controversy」，二者在含义上并无差别。通常被用来指宪法所确定的联邦法院的司法管辖权规则，即联邦法院只能就基于「案件和争议」所产生的问题行使司法裁判权，而不能对假设的案件或根本不存在的法律问题作出裁决。马歇尔〔Marshall〕大法官曾对「case」一词定义为指依据正式的司法程序提起的，并且属于美国宪法所规定的管辖权范围的案件或诉讼。「controversy」的含义与「case」完全相同，其区别仅在于「controversy」只能指民事案件。美国宪法的第三条第二款规定了联邦法院管辖的九种事项，对前三项称为「all Cases」。后六项合称为「Controversies」，因此，人们将这二者合起来称为联邦法院的司法管辖权范围。它包括当事人依正式程序提请法院裁决的各种请求和争辩。属联邦法院管辖的「案件和争议」必须是具体的、确定的，而不能是抽象的、假设的；它涉及具有相反利害关系的当事人之间的法律关系，并能表明当事人之间存在实质性争执点〔substantial issue〕，且就该争执点法院有作出裁判的紧迫性和现实性。
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The constitutional requirement that, for a federal court to hear a case, the case must involve an actual dispute. See CONTROVERSY(3); advisory opinion under OPINION(1). [Cases: Federal Courts 12.]
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A controversy involving issues that are debated publicly and that have substantial ramifica-tions for persons other than those engaged in it. • A participant in a public controversy may be deemed a public figure for purposes of a defamation suit arising from the controversy. See PUBLIC FIGURE. [Cases: Libel and Slander 48(1). C.J.S. Libel and
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entire-controversy doctrine. The principle that a plaintiff or defendant who does not assert all claims or defenses related to the controversy in a legal proceeding is not entitled to assert those claims or defenses in a later proceeding. — Also termed single-controversy doctrine. Cf. compulsory counterclaim under COUNTERCLAIM; RES JUDICATA(2). [Cases: Action 53; Judgment 591.
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incorporation controversy 〈美〉合并争议 就美国宪法第十四条修正案将《权利法案》并入州的程度引发的争议。美国最高法院传统做法一直认定美国宪法第十四条修正案的正当法律程序条款仅将《权利法案》的部分权利并入州，此种做法由大法官本杰明·卡多佐〔Benjamin Cardozo〕明确阐述和倡导，被称之为选择性合并〔selective incorporation〕方法；1947年在亚当斯诉加利福尼亚案〔Adamson v.California〕中大法官雨果·布莱克〔Hugo Black〕首倡全部合并〔total incorporation〕法，主张美国宪法第十四条修正案要求州尊重《权利法案》所规定的所有权利，将《权利法案》全部并入州。尽管此观点未据主导地位，但美国最高法院已推翻了先前诸多先例，将《权利法案》绝大多数规定适用于州。
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A claim that is separate and independent from the other claims being asserted in a suit. • This term is most often associated with the statute that permits an entire case to be removed to federal court if one of the claims, being separate and independent from the others, presents a federal question that is
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