state responsibility 国家责任 指国家作为国际法上的法律人格者要对其违约行为及违法行为承担责任并有义务恢复原状或给予赔偿。原则上，导致违反习惯法或条约及其他方面的法律义务的作为或不作为，都将产生国际法上的责任。国家责任可能是直接责任〔direct responsibility〕，由于政府机构或其官员之所为而生；也可能是替代责任〔vicarious responsibility〕，由于其人民，甚至外国居民之所为而生。
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An employee whose services are, with the employee’s consent, lent to another employer who temporarily assumes control over the employee’s work. • Under the doctrine of respondeat superior, the borrowing employer is vicariously liable for the employee’s acts. But the employer may also be entitled to assert immunity under workers’-compensation laws. — Also termed borrowed
fault n. 过错 一种心理状态，通常作为侵权或不法行为责任的构成条件，与罗马法中的「过错」〔culpa〕相对应。过错本质上是一个道德概念，表示被告是有责任的，因为其本来应该和能够避免或阻止该致损行为发生。但是，随着法律的发展，在某些法律规则——如替代责任〔vicarious liability〕或法定责任〔statutory liability〕——中，过错就仅仅具有法律技术上的意义。就法律层面而言，过错相当于过失〔negligence〕，属于某种判断或行为上的错误或瑕疵，是对法律规定的或合同约定的义务的违反。在美国《统一商法典》第1-201条中，「过错」专指不当行为、懈怠或违约。(→negligence；pari delicto；tort)
detour, n. Torts. An employee’s minor deviation from the employer’s business for personal reasons. • Because a detour falls within the scope of employment, the employer is still vicariously liable for the employee’s actions. Cf. FROLIC. [Cases: Master and Servant 302(6); Workers’ Compensation 666. C.J.S. Employer–Employee Relationship §§ 221–222; Workmen’s Compensation § 399.]
lieutenant. 1. A deputy of or substitute for another; one acting by vicarious authority (he sent his chief lieutenant to the meeting). 2. A composite part of the title of many government and military officials who are subordinate to others, esp. when the duties of the higher official may devolve to the subordinate (lieutenant governor).
impute (im-pyoot), vb. To ascribe or attribute; to regard (usu. something undesirable) as being done, caused, or possessed by (the court imputed malice to the defamatory statement). — imputation, n. — imputable, adj. “The word ‘impute’ comes from im (in) and putare (reckon). It means to bring into the reckoning, to attribute or to ascribe.
frolic (frol-ik), n. Torts. An employee’s significant deviation from the employer’s business for personal reasons. • A frolic is outside the scope of employment, and thus the employer is not vicariously liable for the employee’s actions. Cf. DETOUR. [Cases: Master and Servant 302(6).C.J.S. Employer–Employee Relationship §§ 221–222.]
derivative tort 派生侵权 因代理人的侵权行为而产生的责任由本人〔principal〕承担，在此限度内，本人的责任是派生的。 (→derivative liability；vicarious liability)
nautae, caupones, stabularii (naw-tee, kaw-poh-neez, stab-y[schwa]-lair-ee-I). [Latin] Roman law. Carriers by sea, innkeepers, stablers. • The phrase was used in an edict holding shippers, innkeepers, and stablers liable for damages to goods entrusted to them for safekeeping (receptum). Members of this group were also vicariously liable for the torts of their employees and slaves. “The
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derivative liability 派生责任 有两种派生责任：１原告就侵害人对他人造成的损害要求赔偿；２原告对于给自己造成的损害要求赔偿，而该损害是以侵害人对他人的不法行为作为近因所造成的。 (→derivative action；vicarious liability)
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