noncontribution clause. A fire-insurance-policy provision stating that only the interests of the property owner and the first mortgagee are protected under the policy. [Cases: Insurance 3449. C.J.S. Insurance § 1395.]
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Plant Patent Act. Patents. The 1930 federal law that extended patent protection for developing “any distinct and new” varieties of asexually reproducing plants. • Before passage of the Act, plant patents were rejected because the subject matter was considered naturally occurring and therefore unpatentable. 35 USCA §§ 161–164. — Abbr. PPA.
national defense. 1. All measures taken by a nation to protect itself against its enemies. • A nation’s protection of its collective ideals and values is included in the concept of national defense. [Cases: War and National Emergency 48. C.J.S. War and National Defense § 66.] 2. A nation’s military establishment.
The right to join with others in a common undertaking that would be lawful if pursued individually. • This right is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The government may not prohibit outsiders from joining an association, but the insiders do not necessarily have a right to exclude others. Cf. RIGHT OF
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antitrust law. 1. The body of law designed to protect trade and commerce from restraints, monopolies, price-fixing, and price discrimination. • The principal federal antitrust laws are the Sherman Act (15 USCA §§ 1–7) and the Clayton Act (15 USCA §§ 12–27). “As legislative history and case law both disclose, the general objective of the
certificate of completion (建筑师或工程师出具的)竣工证明 (→certificate of architect or engineer)
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sub potestate viri. Hist. (Of a wife) under the protection of a husband.
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decoy letter. A letter prepared and mailed to detect a criminal who has violated the postal or revenue laws. [Cases: Postal Service 31.8, 42. C.J.S. Postal Service and Offenses Against Postal Laws § 56.]
genetic engineering. A method of creating new life-forms and organic matter by gene-splicing and other tech-niques. • The Supreme Court has ruled that those creations are patentable. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 100 S.Ct. 2204 (1980).
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air-quality-control region. Environmental law. A federally designated area in which communities share an air-pollution problem, often involving several states; an interstate area or major intrastate area that the Environmental Protection Agency designates for monitoring and ameliorating ambient air-quality standards. 42 USCA § 7407(c). [Cases: Environmental Law 254–301.]
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