affirmative defense 〈美〉肯定性答辩；积极的答辩 指被告并不否认原告所主张之事实的真实性，而是提出其他的理由来说明为什么自己不应承担责任的答辩。因此，它并不反驳原告诉求之真实性，而只是否认原告在法律上有起诉的权利。根据联邦及大多数州的民事诉讼规则，所有的肯定性答辩都必须在应答书状〔responsive pleading〕即答辩状〔answer〕中提出，且被告对其所提之事由负证明责任。这些事由包括和解和清偿〔accord and satisfaction〕、自担风险〔assumption of risk〕、混合过失〔contributory negligence〕、胁迫〔duress〕、时效、不容否认〔estoppel〕等。在刑事诉讼中，构成肯定性答辩的事由包括精神失常、醉酒、自卫、无意识行为〔automatism〕、不在犯罪现场〔alibi〕、受胁迫等。
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affirmance of judgment 维持判决 指上诉审法院经过审查认为原审程序和判决没有错误，应予维持。它意味着法院对案件的实体问题〔merits〕经过了评议，而对上诉的驳回〔dismissal〕则可以较之简略。
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firmarius (f[schwa]r-mair-ee-[schwa]s). [Law Latin] A person entitled to take rent or profits. Cf. FERMER(2).
affirmant. A person who testifies under affirmation and not under oath. [Cases: Witnesses 227. C.J.S. Witnesses § 394.]
confirmatio ad omissa vel male appretiata (kon-f[schwa]r-may-shee-oh ad oh-mis-[schwa] vel mal-ee [schwa]-pree-shee-ay-t[schwa]). [Law Latin] Scots law. Confirmation (by an executor) of subjects omitted or wrongly valued in a previously provided inventory.
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affirmance, n. 1. A ratification, reacceptance, or confirmation. “A party who has the power of avoidance may lose it by action that manifests a willingness to go on with the contract. Such action is known as ‘affirmance’ and has the effect of ratifying the contract. See Restatement of Restitution § 68. The rule stated in
An instruction presenting a hypothetical that, if true, commands a verdict in favor of the defendant. • An affirmative converse instruction usu. begins with language such as “your verdict must be for the defendant if you believe….” [Cases: Trial 203(3). C.J.S. Trial § 559.]
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confirmatio 〈拉〉 (1)批准 (2)证实；证明；确认 (3)(地产权的)确认 地产权转让的一种方式。地产权人将全部或部分地产权转让给地产的实际占有人，从而使可撤销的地产权得以完善或使先行地产权〔particular estate〕得以扩大。 (→confirmation; particular estate)
feodi firmarius (fee-[schwa]-dIorfyoo-dI f[schwa]r-mair-ee-[schwa]s). Hist. The tenant of a fee farm.