Parliamentary law. 1. A deliberative assembly’s presiding officer [the chair calls for order]. See PRESIDE. 2. The presiding officer’s seat [take the chair].3. The officer who heads an organization [the treasurer reports directly to the chair]. — Also termed chairman (of a male chair, in senses 1 & 3); chairwoman (of a female chair, in […]
boundary. 1. A natural or artificial separation that delineates the confines of real property (the creek serves as a boundary between the two properties). See METES AND BOUNDS. [Cases: Boundaries 1–25. C.J.S. Boundaries §§ 2–63.] “The object of all rules for the establishment of boundaries is to ascertain the actual location of the boundary as
Instrument of Government 〈英〉《政府约法》 在奥利弗·克伦威尔〔Oliver Cromwell〕于1653年12月16日成为护国公〔lord protector〕后拟定的成文宪法。作者为少将〔Major-General〕军衔的约翰·兰伯特〔John Lambert〕。该约法原欲任命克伦威尔为国王，但遭到婉拒，克伦威尔最终接受依约法规定担任护国公。该法规定：立法权属于护国公克伦威尔和议会，行政权由护国公和一个人数不超过21人的政务会掌握；议会应于1654年9月召开会议，此后应每3年召开一次，会议期间享有对陆军和海军的控制权；议会有权制定法律，并有权制止任何未经其同意的税收；内战期间反对议会之人不能参加议会选举或被选入前四届议会，永远取消罗马天主教徒入选议会的资格；护国公为终身职位，但该职位应选举产生，它对立法仅有暂停性否决权等。该法的缺点是未规定权力机关即护国公、政务会、议会之间的协调，也未规定该法本身的修订。该法为英国制定成文宪法的第一次尝试。
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mutuality of estoppel. The collateral-estoppel principle that a judgment is not conclusively in favor of someone unless the opposite decision would also be conclusively against that person. [Cases: Judgment 625, 666. C.J.S. Judgments §§ 833, 835.]
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Legal Services Corporation. A nonprofit federal corporation that provides financial aid in civil cases to those who cannot afford legal assistance through grants to legal-aid and other organizations and by contracting with individuals, firms, corporations, and organizations to provide legal services. • The agency was created by the Legal Services Corporation Act of 1974. 42
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A secondary motion that directly affects the main motion’s form or consideration. See secondary motion.
A verdict that results from the jury’s passion or prejudice and thereby shocks the court’s conscience. [Cases: Damages 128; Federal Civil Procedure 2345; New Trial 77(2). C.J.S. Damages §§ 384, 387–394; New Trial §§ 101, 103.]
pseudonym (sood-[schwa]-nim), n. A fictitious name or identity. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 101; Parties 67, 73. C.J.S. Parties §§ 170, 172.] — pseudonymous (soo-don-[schwa]-m[schwa]s), adj. — pseudonymity (sood-[schwa]-nim-[schwa]-tee), n.
item. 1. A piece of a whole, not necessarily separated. 2. Commercial law. A negotiable instrument or a promise or order to pay money handled by a bank for collection or payment. • The term does not include a payment order governed by division 11 of the UCC or a credit- or debit-card slip. UCC
easement of highway 公路地役权；公路通行地役权 指法律允许的各种公共通行权 。(→highway easement) easement of natural support 自然支撑地役权 指依据自然条件，土地所有人为从边侧支撑其土地所需而使用其相邻土地的权利。 (=lateral support)
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