boulwarism. Labor law. A bargaining tactic in which an employer researches the probable outcome of collective bargaining and uses the information to make a firm settlement offer to a union on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, so that there is no real negotiation. • Boulwarism is now considered to be an unfair labor practice by the National […]
Fair Credit Billing Act. A federal law that facilitates the correction of billing errors by credit-card companies and makes those companies more responsible for the quality of goods purchased by cardholders. 15 USCA §§ 1666–1666j. [Cases: Consumer Credit 30. C.J.S. Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit §§ 317–318.]
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exculpate (ek-sk[schwa]l-payt or ek-sk[schwa]l-payt), vb. To free from blame or accusation. Cf. EXONERATE(1). — exculpation (ek-sk[schwa]l-pay-sh[schwa]n), n. — exculpatory (ek-sk[schwa]l-p[schwa]-tor-ee), adj.
sue-and-labor clause. Marine insurance. A provision establishing that the marine insurer will cover the costs incurred by the insured in protecting the covered property from damage or minimizing actual damages to the property. • The clause generally requires the insurer to “sue and labor” to protect the insured party’s interests. — Also termed rescue clause.
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one-action rule. In debtor-creditor law, the principle that when a debt is secured by real property, the creditor must foreclose on the collateral before proceeding against the debtor’s unsecured assets. — Also termed one-form-of-action rule. [Cases: Mortgages 218.4, 337, 411. C.J.S. Mortgages §§ 325–326, 335, 456, 473, 494, 581.]
Office of Special Counsel. An independent federal agency that investigates activities prohibited by the civil-service laws, rules, and regulations and, if the investigation warrants it, litigates the matter before the Merit Systems Protection Board. • The agency was established by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1978. — Abbr. OSC.
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export declaration. A document — required by federal law — containing details of an export shipment.
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Westminster Confession of Faith (west-min-st[schwa]r). Hist. A document containing a statement of the religious doctrines of the Presbyterian Church, originating at a conference of British and continental Protestant divines at Westminster in 1643. • It was adopted by the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland and the Scottish Parliament, so becoming the basis of
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Office of the United States Trade Representative. An office in the Executive Office of the President responsible for setting and administering overall trade policy. • It was established under Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1979. 19 USCA § 2171.
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审计回复函 英语：audit letter response 法语：(lettre de) confirmation 德语：Auskunftsschreiben an den Wirtschaftsprüfer, Vollständigkeitserklärung 意大利语：lettera di conferma della revisione contabile 西班牙语：respuesta auditoría