mala praxis (mal-[schwa] prak-sis). [Law Latin] Hist. Malpractice; unskilled treatment, esp. by a doctor. “Injuries, affecting a man’s health, are where by any unwholesome practices of another a man sustains any apparent damage in his vigor or constitution. As by selling him bad provisions or wine … or by the neglect or unskilful management of […]
abide, vb. 1. To tolerate or withstand (the widow found it difficult to abide the pain of losing her husband). 2. To obey (try to abide the doctor’s order to quit smoking). 3. To await (the death-row prisoners abide execution). 4. To perform or execute (an order or judgment) (the trial court abided the appellate
let, n. An impediment or obstruction (free to act without let or hindrance). let, vb. 1. To allow or permit (the court, refusing to issue an injunction, let the nuisance continue). 2. To offer (property) for lease; to rent out (the hospital let office space to several doctors). [Cases: Landlord and Tenant 20. C.J.S. Landlord
suicide, n. 1. The act of taking one’s own life. — Also termed self-killing; self-destruction; self-slaughter; self-murder; felony-de-se; death by one’s own hand. [Cases: Suicide 1. C.J.S. Suicide §§ 2–5, 11.] assisted suicide. The intentional act of providing a person with the medical means or the medical knowledge to commit suicide. — Also termed assisted
The intentional act of providing a person with the medical means or the medical knowledge to commit suicide. — Also termed assisted self-determination; (when a doctor provides the means) physician-assisted suicide. Cf. EUTHANASIA. [Cases: Suicide 3. C.J.S. Suicide §§ 8–12.]
patient-litigant exception. An exemption from the doctor–patient privilege, whereby the privilege is lost when the patient sues the doctor for malpractice. [Cases: Witnesses 219(5). C.J.S. Witnesses §§ 381, 383–389.]
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legal education and training (U.S.) (美国)法律教育及培训 在布莱克斯通〔Blackstone〕的《英格兰法释评》〔Commentaries〕出版以前，青年人通过给已开业的律师当学徒或书记员学习实际案例和经验来学习法律。有些人阅读更广泛些，他们读有关政治学和哲学的书籍，以及读老旧的论英格兰法律的书籍或读罗马法着作，极少数人到英国律师公会去学习，而自己的本地法律则无教本可读。美国的第一个法律专业于1779年在弗吉尼亚的威廉-玛丽学院〔William and Mary College〕设立，并设立了美国第一个法律教授职位。1784-1833年间，塔平·里夫〔Tapping Reeve〕创办的私立的利奇菲尔德法学院〔Litchfield Law School〕较为有名，1826-1830年间出版的詹姆斯·肯特〔James Kent〕的四卷本《美国法律评论》〔Commentaries on American Law〕几经重版。虽然在立国初期就有人建议在哈佛大学和耶鲁大学设法律学科，但直到过了大约四分之一世纪，这两所大学在法学上才崭露头角。1870年，克里斯托弗·哥伦布·兰德尔〔Christopher Columbus Langdell〕任哈佛法学院院长，他引进了「案例教学法」〔case-method〕，严格入学要求，每年岁末都必须考试。案例教学法的前提是：任何题目的法律都包含数量相对少的原则，而这些原则往往是包括在案例之中或可以从案例中发现的。该教学法遍及美国，至今仍在很大程度上控制着法律教学领域。但当代的案例教科书已包容了许多直截了当的讲解及参考材料，立法的增长也打乱了从案件中可以找出法律的那个前提，且考虑法律问题有必要去研究其社会、经济和政治的来龙去脉而并非仅运用逻辑即可成功。大约在同一时期，各个地方律师协会〔local bar association〕以及1878年美国律师协会〔American Bar Association〕的成立对提高法律教育水平起到了推动作用，1905年美国法学院协会〔Association of American Law Schools〕的成立更加强了这一趋势。20世纪，法律研究和教育也成为法律职业的一个独特分支，而以前的法律教师通常是法官或开业律师。1921年美国律师协会规定，律师的录取由各州决定；每一个申请律师资格的人都必须毕业于一个被批准的法学院。另一个重大发展是由学生们编辑并撰写其中部分文章的法律评论的产生。大学法学杂志成为一种全国范围内的学术媒介。随后的变化是一个大学学位乃是进入法学院的先决条件，科目增加了，课程延长到至少3年；普遍采用博士衔〔title of doctor〕作为法律专业的第一学位。法学学习的范围大大扩展，法学研究、着述及学术成就都处于学术性的学者手中，然而，有意义的是美国的大学法学院在很大程度上比英国的大学法学院更注重学生对法律的实践。
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An institution for formal legal education and training. • Graduates who complete the standard program, usu. three years in length, receive a Juris Doctor (or, formerly, a Bachelor of Laws).
M.D.abbr. 1. Middle District, usu. in reference to U.S. judicial districts. 2. Doctor of medicine.