National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities. An independent federal foundation that encourages and supports progress in the humanities and the arts by supporting the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services. • The agency was created by act of Congress in […]
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natural affection. The love naturally existing between close relatives, such as parent and child. • Natural affection is not consideration for a contract. See CONSIDERATION(1); executory contract under CONTRACT. [Cases: Contracts 77. C.J.S. Contracts § 103.]
people’s court. 1. A court in which individuals can resolve small disputes. See small-claims court under COURT. [Cases: Courts 174. 1.] 2. In totalitarian countries, a group of nonlawyer citizens, often illiterate commoners, convened at the scene of a crime to pass judgment or impose punishment on the accused criminal. 3. (cap.) In Nazi Germany,
donatio inter vivos 〈拉〉(罗马法)生者间的赠与；生前赠与 来源于罗马法的一个术语。它包括无偿赠与〔gratuitous donations〕、附有法律义务的赠与〔onerous donations〕和报偿赠与〔remunerative donations〕三种形式。
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quorum, n. Parliamentary law. The minimum number of members (usu. a majority of all the members) who must be present for a deliberative assembly to legally transact business. Pl. quorums.[Cases: Courts 101. C.J.S. Courts § 137.] constituency-based quorum. See interest-based quorum. disappearing quorum. A quorum whose presence may be more presumptive than actual. See presumption
disturbance of a public meeting. The unlawful interference with the proceedings of a public assembly. [Cases: Disturbance of Public Assemblage 1. C.J.S. Disturbance of Public Meetings § 3.] “Generally speaking, any conduct which, being contrary to the usages of the particular sort of meeting and class of persons assembled, interferes with its due progress and
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A bill that authorizes governmental expenditures. • The federal government cannot spend money unless Congress has appropriated the funds. U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 7. — Also termed spending bill. See APPROPRIATION(2), (3). [Cases: United States 85. C.J.S. United States §§ 156–158.]
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dean. 1. Eccles. law. An officer who leads a chapter, parish, or other subdivision of a diocese, usu. upon a bishop’s request or appointment. “A dean and chapter are the council of the bishop, to assist him with their advice in affairs of religion, and also in the temporal concerns of his see …. All
casus male inclusus (kay-s[schwa]s mal-ee in-kloo-s[schwa]s). [Latin “case wrongly included”] A sit-uation literally provided for by a statute or contract, but wrongly so because the provision’s literal application has unintended consequences.
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minor participant. Criminal law. Under the federal sentencing guidelines, a defendant who is less culpable for a crime than the other members of the group committing the crime, but who has more culpability than a minimal participant. • A defendant who is a minor participant can have the offense level for the crime decreased by