Hist. A royal subject’s right to be protected from crime (to “have peace”) in certain areas subject to the king’s immediate control, such as the king’s palace or highway. • A breach of the peace in one of these areas subjected the offender to punishment in the king’s court. Over time, the area subject to […]
The class or type of interests or concerns that a statute or constitutional guarantee is intended to regulate or protect. • To have standing to challenge a ruling (esp. of an administrative agency), the plaintiff must show that the specific injury suffered comes within the zone of interests protected by the statute on which the
An insurance policy providing protection against multiple perils and losses of both the insured and third parties. • A homeowner’s policy is usu. a package policy.
commendation. Hist. The act of becoming a lord’s feudal tenant to receive the lord’s protection.
A tax on a right or privilege, such as an occupation tax or franchise tax. • An indirect tax is often presumed to be partly or wholly passed on from the nominal taxpayer to another person. [Cases: Licenses 1. C.J.S. Architects § 8; Licenses §§ 2–4.]
Conduct that expresses opinions or thoughts, such as a hunger strike or the wearing of a black armband. • Symbolic speech does not enjoy the same constitutional protection that pure speech does. — Also termed speech-plus. Cf. pure speech. [Cases: Constitutional Law 90.1(1). C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 461, 501–503, 539–543, 548–554, 561, 565, 572, 582–584,
pirate recording. Copyright. An unauthorized copy of the sounds on a copyright-protected recording, including digital duplication made available over the Internet. — Sometimes also termed bootleg recording. [Cases: Copyrights and Intellectual Property 67. 2. C.J.S. Copyrights and Intellectual Property § 58.]
back door to Berne. Copyright. A U.S. copyright owner’s simultaneous publication of the copyrighted work in both the U.S. and Berne Convention countries in order to obtain Berne Convention protection. • This backdoor method was used before 1989, when the U.S. became a member of the Berne Convention. [Cases: Copyrights and Intellectual Property 34. C.J.S.
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Slaughter-House cases 〈美〉屠宰场案 美国最高法院于1873年4月14日以5比4作出判决的一起案件。此案由路易斯安那州〔Louisiana〕的一项立法所引起。1869年受贿的州立法机关授予克雷森特城牲畜装运及屠宰公司〔Crescent City Live-Stock Landing and Slaughter-House Company〕在新奥尔良〔New Orleans〕经营屠宰业务的垄断权，逾千名屠户被禁止在其住所〔premises〕屠宰牲畜，而这些业务都必须在该屠宰公司的住所进行。屠户不服诉诸法院，认为该公司的法律垄断权违反了美国宪法第十四条修正案〔Fourteenth Amendment〕，剥夺了每位屠户「购买产品或进行贸易，通过自由贸易维持自身及家庭」的权利。但最高法院却驳回了屠户的各项主张，给1870年批准的第十四条修正案中的新特权和豁免权〔Privileges and Immunities〕条款以致命一击，其否认正当程序〔Due Process〕或平等保护〔Equal Protection〕与保障曾为奴隶者权益之外的经济问题有任何关联。最高法院宣布第十四条修正案并不能成为各州有关本州公民民权〔civil rights〕的所有立法的永久审查官。此案是最高法院首次对第十四条修正案意义的解释，但受到了诸多批评。
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An excise tax imposed for the privilege of carrying on a business, trade, or profession. • For example, many states require lawyers to pay an occupation tax. — Also termed occupational tax. [Cases: Licenses 1. C.J.S. Architects § 8; Licenses §§ 2–4.]