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Noerr-Pennington doctrine

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Noerr-Pennington doctrine 〈美〉努艾尔-本宁顿规则 是指来自最高法院的东部铁路主管联席会诉努艾尔汽运公司〔Eastern R.R.President Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.〕和联合采矿工人诉本宁顿〔United Mine Workers v.Pennington〕两个判例中确立的规则。该规则认为鼓动立法或实施法律的联合行动不构成违反反托拉斯法。前一个案件涉及铁路系统游说州的立法机关和行政机关采取抑制其竞争者——从事长途货运业务的汽车运输公司的运动，法院认为尽管铁路系统要求政府采取行动的动机是为了减少来自汽车运输业的竞争的事实存在，但其游说并没有违背《谢尔曼法》〔Sherman Act〕，因为游说向政府提供了制定合理政策的必要信息；同时，对游说进行限制可能会侵犯宪法第一条修正案所保护的言论自由权。在第二个案件中，法院认为，影响行政机关的相似努力也不构成违反《谢尔曼法》，即使其中包括了欺骗或虚伪供述这样不道德的行为。近来在加州汽车运输公司诉卡车无限公司一案中〔California Motor Transport Company v.Trucking Unlimited〕，法院发展了该原则，认为影响管理机构如州际商业委员会〔Interstate Commerce Commission〕的行为也是合法的。

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carrier

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carrier n. (1)承运人 指有偿或无偿地将货物或旅客通过陆地、水上或空中从一地运送到另一地的个人或组织。普通法中通常将承运人分为公共承运人〔common carrier〕和特约承运人〔private carrier〕。根据美国《州际商业法》〔Interstate Commerce Act〕的规定，承运人包括公共承运人、特约承运人、合同承运人〔contract carrier〕和货运代理人〔freight forwarder〕，以及这些承运人的职员、代理人和僱佣人员。 (→common carrier; private carrier; contract carrier; certified carrier; connecting carrier; freight forwarder) (2)运输工具；运载工具 用于陆地、空中或水上运输的交通工具，如火车、汽车、航空器和船舶等。

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carrier

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carrier. 1. An individual or organization (such as a shipowner, a railroad, or an airline) that contracts to transport passengers or goods for a fee. Cf. SHIPPER. [Cases: Carriers 3, 235. C.J.S. Aeronautics and Aerospace § 179; Carriers§§ 2, 385.] common carrier. A commercial enterprise that holds itself out to the public as offering to

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rate

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rate, n. 1. Proportional or relative value; the proportion by which quantity or value is adjusted (rate of inflation). 2. An amount paid or charged for a good or service (the rate for a business-class fare is $550). class rate. A single rate applying to the transportation of several articles of the same general character.

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