delegation doctrine. Constitutional law. The principle (based on the separation-of-powers concept) limiting Congress’s ability to transfer its legislative power to another governmental branch, esp. the executive branch. • Delegation is permitted only if Congress prescribes an intelligible principle to guide an executive agency in making policy. — Also termed nondelegation doctrine. [Cases: Constitutional Law 59. […]
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divorce a mensa et thoro 〈拉〉分居；别居；有限离婚 经法院判令的一种部分的或有限的离婚，即夫妻双方以此分居，禁止其共同寝食，但并不解除婚姻关系本身。英格兰于1857年废除了这种离婚方式。它是现代司法别居〔judicial separation〕的先导。又可写作「separation a mensa et thoro」或「separation from bed and board」。 (→divorce)
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limited divorce (1)有限离婚(判决) 在美国，该种法院裁决在结果上各有不同，一般认为该裁决终止当事人之间同居的权利和义务，但未影响当事人作为已婚人士的身份，或未解除婚姻；也有认为该裁决可仅解除婚姻关系而不涉及有关扶养的内容。 (2)夫妻分居；别居(=judicial separation; divorce a mensa et thoro)
cruelty n. 虐待 指对活体，尤指对人，故意或恶意地施加肉体上或精神上的痛苦。该词主要用于离婚法中，通常，单独一次的虐待行为不足以构成离婚理由，还须有一定时期的虐待行为的过程。由于美国大部分州采用「无过错离婚法」〔no-fault divorce law〕，故该离婚理由的适用意义较为有限。在英国，已废止的1965年《婚姻案件法》〔Matrimonial Causes Act〕将虐待作为离婚或司法别居〔judicial separation〕的理由之一。根据1973年《婚姻案件法》，离婚的唯一理由是婚姻关系已无可挽回地破裂，但如果离婚案中被告的举止行为，使原告不愿再与之共同生活，则法院会作出离婚裁决，因此虐待是法院对离婚或分居申请所应考虑的因素之一。
division of powers. The allocation of power between the national government and the states. • Under the Tenth Amendment, powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or to the people. But today the Tenth Amendment provides only a limited check on Congress’s power to regulate the states. Cf. SEPARATION OF
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carveout, n. 1. An explicit exception to a broad rule. 2. Tax. For tax purposes, the separation from property of the income derived from the property.
fructus (fr[schwa]k-t[schwa]s). [Latin “fruits”] 1. Roman & civil law. The natural produce of land and animals; the profit or increase from land and animals. • The owner of the land or animals acquired ownership by separatio, the separation of the fruit from the parent body. A bona fide possessor or an emphyteuta also acquired ownership
An action relating to the state of marriage, such as an action for separation, annulment, or divorce. [Cases: Divorce 1; Marriage 57. C.J.S. Divorce §§ 2, 5, 97–98; Marriage § 64.]
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Interim alimony ordered by the court pending an action for divorce or separation in which one party has made a claim for permanent alimony. — Also termed provisional alimony; alimony pendente lite; allowance pendente lite. [Cases: Divorce 208. C.J.S. Divorce §§ 315, 320–331, 336–339, 422–426.]
Blaine amendment. A provision in a state constitution for stricter separation of church and state than is required by the Establishment Clause. • In 1875, at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant, Senator James G. Blaine proposed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applying the Free Exercise and Establishment Clause to the states, and