successor trustee
A trustee who succeeds an earlier trustee, usu. as provided in the trust agreement. [Cases: Trusts 169, 243. C.J.S. Trover and Conversion §§ 288–294, 298–299, 341.]
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duration
duration. 1. The length of time that something lasts (the duration of the lawsuit). duration of interest. The length of time that a property interest lasts. duration of trust. The length of time that a trust exists. [Cases: Trusts 60. C.J.S. Trover and Conversion § 117.] 2. A length of time; a continuance in time
court of competent jurisdiction
A court that has the power and authority to do a particular act; one recognized by law as possessing the right to adjudicate a controversy. — Also termed competent court.
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personal action
personal action (1)对人之诉 早期普通法中的民事诉讼可分为对人之诉〔personal action〕、不动产权益之诉〔real action〕和混合之诉〔mixed action〕，其中对人之诉是基于合同或侵权而针对特定个人提起的诉讼，其目的在于要求被告履行合同债务或是针对所造成的损害进行赔偿。合同性质对人之诉包括报账之诉〔action of account〕、简式契约之诉〔assumpsit〕、允诺契据之诉〔covenant〕、定额债务之诉〔debt〕等；侵权性质对人之诉包括动产占有回复之诉〔replevin〕、侵害之诉〔trespass〕、非法挪用之诉〔trover〕、陪审团裁定之诉〔attaint〕、类案之诉〔case〕、诈欺之诉〔deceit〕、包讼之诉〔champerty〕、共谋之诉〔conspiracy〕、扣留财物之诉〔detinue〕等。这些诉讼连同与其相应的诉讼开始令状〔original writ〕及诉讼程式均于19世纪一并被废除。这个词现在常用来指对人诉讼〔action in personam〕，即法庭判决是要求特定个人作出一定行为，通常是支付金钱，以区别于对物诉讼〔action in rem〕。在对物诉讼中，原告是针对特定的物提出物权主张或债权主张，即主张自己对某物享有权利，或要求别人针对该物所作的损害进行赔偿。最后该词也指只能由当事人本人提起的诉讼。在大陆法中，对人之诉要求被告履行基于合同或侵权所产生的债务，即要求被告转移对某物的控制，履行某种义务或是赔偿一定的损失。 (2)对人诉讼(=action in personam) (3)(罗马法)对人诉讼(=actio personalis；personalis actio) (→real action; action; mixed action)
charitable remainder annuity trust
A charitable-remainder trust in which the beneficiaries receive for a specified period a fixed payment of 5% or more of the fair market value of the original principal, after which the remaining principal passes to charity. — Abbr. CRAT. — Also termed charitable-remainder-trust retirement fund. [Cases: Charities 6; Trusts 281. C.J.S. Charities § 4; Trover
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donative trust
A trust that establishes a gift of a beneficial interest in property for a beneficiary. • Most trusts are donative trusts. — Also termed gratuitous trust. [Cases: Trusts 35(1). C.J.S. Trover and Conversion § 55.]
COURT BARON court baron
Hist. A manorial court with jurisdiction over amounts in controversy of 40 shillings or less. • Ac-cording to some authorities, the court baron developed into two courts: the customary court baron for disputes involving copyholders, and the court baron proper (also known as the freeholders’ court baron), in which free-holders were allowed to hold court
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separate and independent cause of action
separate and independent cause of action 可分且独立的诉因(→separable controversy)
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conversion by wrongful destruction
Conversion by willfully consuming or otherwise destroying a chattel be-longing to another person. [Cases: Trover and Conversion 12. C.J.S. Trover and Conversion § 20.]
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