Subrogation that arises by operation of law or by implication in equity to prevent fraud or injustice. • Legal subrogation usu. arises when (1) the paying party has a liability, claim, or fiduciary relationship with the debtor, (2) the party pays to fulfill a legal duty or because of public policy, (3) the paying party […]
Pasula–Robinette test. The principle that if a miner establishes a prima facie case of retaliation for filing a claim under the Mine Safety and Health Act, the mine operator can still prevail by proving, as an affirmative defense, that (1) the miner did not engage in a protected activity, (2) the adverse action was based
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onus episcopale 教士捐献 神职人员依古老惯例，向本教区主教缴纳的款项或祭品，如复活节捐税〔synodal〕(已于1963年废除)、圣灵降临节献祭〔pentecostal〕。 (→episcopalia)
volumus (vol-[schwa]-m[schwa]s), vb. [Latin] Hist. We will; it is our will. • This was the first word of a clause in royal writs of protection and letters patent. It uses the royal we — the plural first person by which monarchs have traditionally spoken.
arrest of judgment. The staying of a judgment after its entry; esp., a court’s refusal to render or enforce a judgment because of a defect apparent from the record. • At common law, courts have the power to arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing on the record, as when the verdict differs materially from the
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Midcal test. Antitrust. The doctrine that the anticompetitive acts of a private party will be considered state acts — and thereby protected from liability under the antitrust laws — if the acts are within a clearly articulated and affirmatively expressed policy of the state, and if the conduct is actively supervised by the state. California
possidere (pos-[schwa]-dee-ree). [Latin fr. potis “having power” + sedere “to sit”] Hist. To possess (a thing), esp. as a person with an interest protected by law (e.g., an owner or mortgagee) rather than a mere custodian. “A distinction was made in the civil law, and adopted by Bracton, between possidere, (to possess,) and esse in
消费者法 英语：consumer law 法语：droit des consommateurs 德语：Verbraucher(schutz)recht 意大利语：legge di tutela del consumatore 西班牙语：ley de protección del consumidor
In some jurisdictions, a court that hears all family matters, including matters of divorce, juvenile delinquency, adoption, abuse and neglect, and criminal abuse. • A unified family court also hears matters typically heard in family court (in jurisdictions that have statutory family courts) or in courts of general jurisdiction, such as divorce, paternity, and emancipation
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