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husband and wife

husband and wife 夫妻;夫妻关系 指夫妻间的自然和法律关系。由有效婚姻产生的男女关系可以产生相互间权利义务关系,包括相互依附、共同寝食、相互扶养以及在性生活上相互忠诚的权利义务。英国的普通法将夫妻当作一个人对待,已婚妇女的法律人格完全被包含在其丈夫的法律人格中,妻子不能独立于丈夫而取得、支配或转让任何财产。但在衡平法中,妻子的地位得到了改善,她可以独立于其丈夫,享有完全的契约缔结权和财产所有权,双方各自承担婚前债务,各自拥有并独立支配各自的财产,但也可把财产合在一起共同享有。在英格兰,丈夫可就因第三方的原因造成的失去配偶或妨碍夫妻关系提出损害赔偿。配偶中任何一方都不对另一方的行为承担刑事责任,除非这种行为是在对方煽动或命令下所实施的。根据法定继承规则,配偶的任何一方死后,活着的一方对死者的财产享有权利。夫妻关系只有当配偶一方死亡或双方离婚才告终止。 (→alimony; curtesy; divorce; dower; free-bench; judicial separation; jus mariti; marriage; marital rights; married woman; matrimonial causes; unity of husband and wife; wife)

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comparative rectitude

comparative rectitude. Family law. Archaic. The degree to which one spouse is less culpable than the other in damaging the marriage, so that even though both spouses are at fault, the less culpable spouse may successfully petition for a separation or divorce. • Comparative rectitude tempers the doctrine of recrimination by making a divorce possible

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divortium

divortium (di-vor-shee-[schwa]m), n. [Latin] 1. Roman law. Divorce; a severance of the marriage tie. • In classical law, no grounds were required. Cf. REPUDIUM. 2. Eccles. law. A decree allowing spouses to separate or declaring their marriage invalid. “Owing to the fact that the church had but slowly made up her mind to know no

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divorce

divorce 〈法〉已离婚男子 divorce 2 n. 离婚 源于拉丁文divortium,指根据法定事由,依法定程序解除有效婚姻关系,但因夫妻一方或双方死亡、婚姻无效所致婚姻关系终止者除外。绝对离婚〔absolute divorce〕是离婚的典型形式,它导致婚姻关系完全地、永久地解除,当事人双方均有权再婚。法定分居〔legal separation〕或限定离婚〔limited divorce〕亦被视为一种离婚形式,但当事人双方仅是终止同居关系,婚姻关系并未解除,也均无权再婚。无效婚姻〔nullity of marriage〕亦导致婚姻关系解除,但其与离婚的区别在于:离婚是以有效婚姻的存在为前提,无效婚姻则视该婚姻自始即不存在。在70年代,美国许多制定法以「解除婚姻关系」〔dissolution of marriage; marriage dissolution〕替代了「离婚」,在《统一婚姻与离婚法》〔Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act〕中即是如此。 v. (1)判决…离婚 (2)以司法判决解除婚姻关系 (3)离婚 (→absolute divorce; limited divorce; judicial separation; nullity of marriage; divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce a vinculo matrimonii; legislative divorce; no-fault divorce)

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boundary

boundary. 1. A natural or artificial separation that delineates the confines of real property (the creek serves as a boundary between the two properties). See METES AND BOUNDS. [Cases: Boundaries 1–25. C.J.S. Boundaries §§ 2–63.] “The object of all rules for the establishment of boundaries is to ascertain the actual location of the boundary as

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accessio

accessio (ak-s[schwa]sh-ee-oh) n.[Latin] Roman law. 1. The doctrine by which something of lesser size, value, or importance is integrated into something of greater size, value, or importance. “If the identity of one thing (the accessory) is merged and lost in the identity of the other (the principal), the owner of the principal is the owner

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maintenance

maintenance, n. 1. The continuation of something, such as a lawsuit. 2. The continuing possession of something, such as property. 3. The assertion of a position or opinion; the act of upholding a position in argument. 4. The care and work put into property to keep it operating and productive; general repair and upkeep. 5.

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injunction

injunction n. 禁制令 法院签发的要求当事人做某事或某行为或者禁止其做某事或某行为的命令。它是一项衡平法上的救济措施。当普通法上对某种损害行为不能提供充分的救济时,便可寻求以禁制令来作为补救。它主要用于防止将来某种损害行为的发生,而不是对已发生的损害给予补偿,或者是对不能以金钱来衡量或给予金钱损害赔偿并非恰当的解决方式的损害行为提供救济。根据其内容是要求做一定行为还是禁止做一定行为,可分为命令性禁制令〔mandatory (compulsive) injunction〕和禁止性禁制令〔restrictive (preventive) injunction〕。根据其存续时间长短,又可分为中间(或临时性)禁制令〔interlocutory (interim) injunction〕和终局(或永久性)禁制令〔permanent (perpetual) injunction〕。在诉讼进行中,为阻止可能发生的损害或保护有争议的财产,法院可签发中间禁制令,并为此目的而存在一定的期间,如直到法院对案件进行开庭审理为止。终局禁制令则由法院在对案件进行审理之后,根据对当事人的权利所作的最终判定来作出,并构成法院判决的一部分。终局禁制令旨在永久性地防止损害行为的发生,所以其有效期间没有时间限制。但对于可以要求损害赔偿作为救济的可起诉的过错行为,法院通常不发布终局禁制令,但如果损害是不可弥补的,且不能以损害赔偿获得充分救济,且持续存在时除外。在英国,高等法院各分庭及上诉法院有权签发禁制令,其签发以法院的对人管辖权为准,而不论受禁制的行为是否在其管辖范围内。如因要求偿还到期债务而提起的诉讼中,即使被告人不在英国,但有财产在英国境内,法院即可签发中间禁制令防止其在案件审理期间将财产转移出去。在离婚和司法别居〔judicial separation〕案件中,为防止发生骚扰或处分财产,法院也可以发布禁制令。对法院已经签发的禁制令,如果违反,将作为藐视法庭行为而予以处罚。

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saevitia

saevitia (si-vish-ee-[schwa]). [Latin fr. saevus “cruel”] Hist. Cruelty in a marriage, as a result of which cohabitation is dangerous enough to justify a decree of separation.

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a mensa et thoro

a mensa et thoro 〈拉〉不共寝食;分居 该术语源自教会法,表示教会法院所作的离婚判决〔decree of divorce〕的范围仅及于配偶的分居与婚姻同居关系的终止,而不表示婚姻的解除,故配偶之任一方均不得再婚。该词的拉丁文意思即为「不共寝食」〔from bed and board〕,但在英国法上已被引申为夫妻的司法别居〔judicial separation〕。 (→separation; divorce a mensa et thoro;a vinculo matrimonii)

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