destructibility of contingent remainders. Property. The common-law doctrine requiring a future interest to vest by the time it is to become possessory or else suffer total destruction (the interest then reverting to the grantor). The doctrine could be avoided by the use of trustees to preserve contingent remainders. • This doctrine has been abolished in […]
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standard descriptive characteristics. Parliamentary law. The basic rules that apply to and define a motion. • The characteristics include when the motion is in order; its rank — that is, what it takes precedence over, and what yields to it; whether making it may interrupt a speaker; whether it needs a second; whether it is
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vacatur (v[schwa]-kay-t[schwa]r), n. [Law Latin “it is vacated”] 1. The act of annulling or setting aside. 2. A rule or order by which a proceeding is vacated.
theory-of-pleading doctrine. The principle — now outmoded — that one must prove a case exactly as pleaded. • Various modern codes and rules of civil procedure have abolished this strict pleading-and-proof requirement. For example, Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 allows amendment of pleadings to conform to the evidence. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 881; Pleading 370.
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opinio juris sive necessitatis ([schwa]-pin-ee-oh joor-is sI-vee n[schwa]-ses-i-tay-tis). [Latin “opinion that an act is necessary by rule of law”] Int’l law. The principle that for conduct or a practice to become a rule of customary international law, it must be shown that nations believe that international law (rather than moral obligation) mandates the conduct or
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natural-accumulation doctrine. The rule that a governmental entity or other landowner is not required to remove naturally occurring ice or snow from public property, such as a highway, unless the entity has, by taking some affirmative action (such as highway construction), increased the travel hazard to the public. [Cases: Automobiles 262; Municipal Corporations 773. C.J.S.
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shop right (专利法)僱员发明实施权 指僱主可以在其业务中免费使用僱员的发明的权利。它实际上是僱主以法律推定的方式从其僱员处得到的一种非独占性专利实施许可，当某一僱员并非专门受雇从事发明工作，但其在工作中运用僱主的设备完成发明的，则通常可以在法律上产生一种僱主对雇员发明的实施权。 (→shop right rule)
jus et norma loquendi (j[schwa]s et nor-m[schwa] loh-kwen-dI). [Latin “the law and rule of speech”] Idiomatic language, including speech and pronunciation, as established by the custom of a particular nation.
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court of equity 衡平法院 １在英国，依据衡平〔equity〕、正义〔justice〕和公平〔fairness〕原则而不是严格的法律原则行使管辖权的法院。长期以来，英格兰主要的衡平法院是御前大臣法庭〔Court of Chancery〕，但还存在一些较小的衡平法院，例如小额债务索赔法院〔court of requests〕。就衡平法院管辖权的其它方面来说，它和普通法法院没有明显的区别，而只是对基于衡平的请求、抗辩和基于严格法的请求、抗辩一样，都行使管辖权。２在美国指行使衡平管辖权，依据衡平法规则、原则和先例实现正义、解决争端的法院，区别于普通法法院，仿照衡平法院的形式、程序而设置。在所有采用《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕的州，衡平法院已被废除，衡平法诉讼和普通法诉讼已被统一为民事诉讼。 (→Court of Chancery; equity; court of requests)
Dispatch that follows the rules, customs, and usages of the port where cargo is discharged. [Cases: Shipping 49(6). C.J.S. Shipping § 108.]
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