restraint on alienation. 1. A restriction, usu. in a deed of conveyance, on a grantee’s ability to sell or transfer real property; a provision that conveys an interest and that, even after the interest has become vested, prevents or discourages the owner from disposing of it at all or from disposing of it in particular […]
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dative (day-tiv), n. [fr. French datif “of giving”] 1. Roman & civil law. An appointment made by judicial or magisterial authority; esp., something granted that is not provided by law or a will. • In Scotland, an executor-dative is a court-appointed executor. 2. Hist. Something that can be given or retracted at will, such as
contra formam collationis (kon-tr[schwa] for-m[schwa]m k[schwa]-lay-shee-oh-nis). [Latin “against the form of a collation”] Hist. A writ to regain lands given to a religious society in exchange for perpetual alms. • The writ was usu. sought by an heir of the person who had given the land away.
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concourse (kon-kors orkong-).Scots law. 1. The simultaneous existence of two actions based on the same facts, esp. a civil action and a criminal action; the concurrence of a public prosecutor in a private prosecution. 2. The concurrence of the public prosecutor to a criminal prosecution by a private person. “A private party may prosecute for
The legal fiction, assumed under the rule against perpetuities, that a woman can become pregnant as long as she is alive. • The case that gave rise to this fiction was Jee v. Audley, 1 Cox 324, 29 Eng. Rep. 1186 (ch. 1787). See W. Barton Leach, Perpetuities: New Hampshire Defertilizes Octogenarians, 77 Harv. L.
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bucketing. Securities. The illegal practice of receiving an order to buy or sell stock but not immediately performing the order. • The perpetrator profits by executing the order when the stock market goes down or up, respectively, but confirming the order to the customer at the original price.
An injunction granted after a final hearing on the merits. • Despite its name, a permanent injunction does not necessarily last forever. — Also termed perpetual injunction; final injunction. [Cases: Injunction 1. C.J.S. Injunctions §§ 2–4, 12, 14, 22, 24, 166.]
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bill in equity 衡平法上的起诉状 在英国1873-1875年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Acts〕之前衡平法院的诉讼程序中，一起普通的诉讼是以向御前大臣〔Lord Chancellor〕递交起诉状〔bill〕开始的，起诉状通常由4部分组成：１标题，说明所呈交的法院以及原告和被告的姓名；２对御前大臣的称呼；３案件事实陈述部分；４请求给予的救济。起诉状要由起草的律师签字。开始一项诉讼的起诉状称初始诉状〔original bill〕，区别于修改的诉状〔amended bill〕。起诉状要送达给被告，就像现在的令状一样。因此，它兼具传票令〔writ of summons〕和诉求陈述〔statement of claim〕的功能。提交起诉状是进行诉讼的第一步。起诉状〔bill〕经常与诉讼〔suit〕被作同义使用，在这个意义上，可将起诉状分为3种：初始诉状〔original〕、初始诉状性质的诉状〔in the nature of original〕和非初始诉状〔not original〕。初始诉状向法庭提供的事实是未经法庭受理过的，并且要请求救济或者具有某种辅助目的。请求救济的起诉状有多种，有专门名称的包括：确定竞合权利诉状〔interpleader bill〕，调卷复审诉状〔certiorari bill〕，预防性诉状〔bill quia timet〕，防止滥诉诉状〔bill of peace〕。但这些诉状在实践中很少运用。非请求救济的起诉状有两类：１证言保全诉状〔bill to perpetuate testimony〕；２请求披露诉状〔bill of discovery〕。初始诉状性质的诉状和非初始诉状在1873-1875年以前在实践中即早已不用，它们包括：补充诉状〔supplemental bill〕、恢复诉讼诉状〔bill of revivor〕、复审诉状〔bill of review〕。旧时英国衡平法院中进行的普通诉讼被称作根据英文的起诉状提起的诉讼〔suit by English bill〕，以此区别在该法院的普通法分庭〔common law side〕中进行的诉讼，后者使用的是诺曼法语或拉丁文。
injunction n. 禁制令 法院签发的要求当事人做某事或某行为或者禁止其做某事或某行为的命令。它是一项衡平法上的救济措施。当普通法上对某种损害行为不能提供充分的救济时，便可寻求以禁制令来作为补救。它主要用于防止将来某种损害行为的发生，而不是对已发生的损害给予补偿，或者是对不能以金钱来衡量或给予金钱损害赔偿并非恰当的解决方式的损害行为提供救济。根据其内容是要求做一定行为还是禁止做一定行为，可分为命令性禁制令〔mandatory (compulsive) injunction〕和禁止性禁制令〔restrictive (preventive) injunction〕。根据其存续时间长短，又可分为中间(或临时性)禁制令〔interlocutory (interim) injunction〕和终局(或永久性)禁制令〔permanent (perpetual) injunction〕。在诉讼进行中，为阻止可能发生的损害或保护有争议的财产，法院可签发中间禁制令，并为此目的而存在一定的期间，如直到法院对案件进行开庭审理为止。终局禁制令则由法院在对案件进行审理之后，根据对当事人的权利所作的最终判定来作出，并构成法院判决的一部分。终局禁制令旨在永久性地防止损害行为的发生，所以其有效期间没有时间限制。但对于可以要求损害赔偿作为救济的可起诉的过错行为，法院通常不发布终局禁制令，但如果损害是不可弥补的，且不能以损害赔偿获得充分救济，且持续存在时除外。在英国，高等法院各分庭及上诉法院有权签发禁制令，其签发以法院的对人管辖权为准，而不论受禁制的行为是否在其管辖范围内。如因要求偿还到期债务而提起的诉讼中，即使被告人不在英国，但有财产在英国境内，法院即可签发中间禁制令防止其在案件审理期间将财产转移出去。在离婚和司法别居〔judicial separation〕案件中，为防止发生骚扰或处分财产，法院也可以发布禁制令。对法院已经签发的禁制令，如果违反，将作为藐视法庭行为而予以处罚。
deportatio (dee-por-tay-shee-oh), n. [fr. Latin deportare “to carry away”] Roman law. Permanent exile of a condemned criminal involving loss of citizenship and, usu., forfeiture of all property. Cf. RELEGATIO. “Deportatio. Perpetual banishment of a person condemned for a crime. It was the severest form of banishment since it included additional penalties, such as seizure of