simplex passagium (sim-pleks p[schwa]-say-jee-[schwa]m). [Law Latin] Hist. Simple passage (to the holy land alone). • This type of pilgrimage served as an excuse for absence from court during the Crusades. — Also termed simplex peregrinatio. Cf. IN GENERALI PASSAGIO.
transfer in contemplation of death 死亡之前的转让 转让人根据自己的身体、精神状态或即将来临的危险，预感自己将要死亡时所为的转让。 (→gift causa mortis)
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adversary system. A procedural system, such as the Anglo-American legal system, involving active and unhin-dered parties contesting with each other to put forth a case before an independent decision-maker. — Also termed adversary procedure; (in criminal cases) accusatorial system, accusatory procedure. Cf. INQUISITORIAL SYSTEM. “The term adversary system sometimes characterizes an entire legal process, and
substantial-factor test. Torts. The principle that causation exists when the defendant’s conduct is an important or significant contributor to the plaintiff’s injuries. Cf. BUT-FOR TEST. [Cases: Negligence 380.]
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对价 英语：consideration (contractual) 法语：cause du contrat, contrepartie 德语：vertragliche Gegenleistung, Entgelt 意大利语：compenso, pagamento, corrispettivo 西班牙语：contraprestación, causa
被告 英语：defendant 法语：défendeur, accusé, intimé 德语：Beklagter 意大利语：convenuto, accusato 西班牙语：parte demandada, demandado
privilege against self-incrimination 〈美〉不自证其罪特权指根据美国宪法第五条修正案及州宪法的类似条款，在任何刑事案件中应根据证据论罪而被告享有不得被强迫自证其罪的特权。该特权仅限于被告可以不提供作为证据的口供，而不适用于诸如笔迹、指纹等物证。任何证人，在被迫召来提供证词时，亦可引用这一特权；但在其自愿作证时，则认为已放弃此特权。尽管此项特权大多在刑事审判中提出，不过任何人亦可在民事、行政、大陪审团及立法程序以「美国第五条修正案作为辩护的理由」〔plead the Fifth〕。此项特权是对抗式刑事审判制度〔accusatorial system〕的核心，与无罪推定〔presumption of innocence〕一起共同要求由国家负担控诉之责〔burden of prosecution〕。该词亦称right against self-incrimination; right to remain silent。 (→self-incrimination; immunity; link-in-chain)
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lockout. 1. An employer’s withholding of work and closing of a business because of a labor dispute. [Cases: Labor Relations 290. C.J.S. Labor Relations §§ 273–274, 277–278.] defensive lockout. A lockout that is called to prevent imminent and irreparable financial harm to the company or to protect a legal right. • Defensive lockouts were legal,
contumacy (kon-t[y]uu-m[schwa]-see), n. Contempt of court; the refusal of a person to follow a court’s order or direction. See CONTEMPT. [Cases: Contempt 1–26. C.J.S. Contempt §§ 2–3, 37.] — contumacious, adj.
连锁因果关系 英语：chain of causation 法语：lien de causalité 德语：Kausal- zusammenhang 意大利语：nesso causale 西班牙语：nexo causal