criminal-justice system. The collective institutions through which an accused offender passes until the accusations have been disposed of or the assessed punishment concluded. • The system typically has three components: law enforcement (police, sheriffs, marshals), the judicial process (judges, prosecutors, defense lawyers), and corrections (prison officials, probation officers, and parole officers). — Also termed law-enforcement […]
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总计的，总数的 英语：aggregate (adjective) 法语：collectif, total, global 德语：gesamt, im ganzen, alles zusammengerechnet 意大利语：complessivo, totale in genere 西班牙语：agregado
contemplation of death. The thought of dying, not necessarily from imminent danger, but as the compelling reason to transfer property to another. See gift causa mortis under GIFT. [Cases: Gifts 59; Internal Revenue 4159(2). C.J.S. Internal Revenue § 514.]
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A sequence of previous performance by either party after an agreement has been entered into, when a contract involves repeated occasions for performance and both parties know the nature of the performance and have an opportunity to object to it. • A course of performance accepted or acquiesced in without objection is relevant to determining
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ethical, adj. 1. Of or relating to moral obligations that one person owes another; esp., in law, of or relating to legal ethics (the ethical rules regarding confidences). See LEGAL ETHICS. 2. In conformity with moral norms or standards of professional conduct (the judge’s recusal was a perfectly ethical act).
A commercial enterprise that holds itself out to the public as offering to transport freight or passengers for a fee. • A common carrier is generally required by law to transport freight or passengers or freight, without refusal, if the approved fare or charge is paid. — Also termed public carrier. [Cases: Carriers 4.]
起诉书 英语：indictment 法语：acte d’accusation 德语：Anklageerhebung 意大利语：atto d’accusa 西班牙语：auto de acusación
bona fide occupational qualification. An employment qualification that, although it may discriminate against a protected class (such as sex, religion, or national origin), relates to an essential job duty and is considered reasonably necessary to the operation of the particular business. • Such a qualification is not illegal under federal employment-discrimination laws. — Abbr. BFOQ.
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The immunity of one spouse from a tort action by the other spouse for personal injury. • As of 1992, 38 states and the District of Columbia had abolished interspousal tort immunity either by judicial opinion or by statute. Nine states had abolished the rule only in specific instances such as intentional or vehicular torts.
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An established pattern of conduct between parties in a series of transactions (e.g., multiple sales of goods over a period of years). • If a dispute arises, the parties’ course of dealing can be used as evidence of how they intended to carry out the transaction. Cf. COURSE OF PERFORMANCE ; trade usage under USAGE.