standard of proof. The degree or level of proof demanded in a specific case, such as “beyond a reasonable doubt” or “by a preponderance of the evidence.” See BURDEN OF PERSUASION. [Cases: Criminal Law 560; Evidence 596. C.J.S. Criminal Law § 1108; Evidence §§ 1299, 1304–1306, 1308, 1310–1311, 1315–1317.]
nonapportionment rule. Oil & gas. The majority doctrine that royalties accrued under a mineral lease on land that is later subdivided during the lease term are not shared by the owners of the subdivisions, but belong exclusively to the owner of the land where the producing well is located. • For example, if Grey granted
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申请人 英语：applicant 法语：requérant, demandeur 德语：Antragsteller 意大利语：richiedente, ricorrente 西班牙语：solicitante, peticionario
A person or entity whose income and debts primarily arise from a family-owned and -operated farm; esp., person who received more than 80% of gross income from a farm in the taxable year immediately preceding a Chapter 12 filing. • Only a family farmer can file for Chapter 12 bankruptcy. 11 USCA § 101(18). See
voluntary courtesy. An act of kindness performed by one person toward another, from the free will of the doer, without any previous request or promise of reward made by the person who is the object of the act. • No promise of remuneration arises from such an act.
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speedy trial. Criminal procedure. A trial that the prosecution, with reasonable diligence, begins promptly and conducts expeditiously. • The Sixth Amendment secures the right to a speedy trial. In deciding whether an accused has been deprived of that right, courts generally consider the length of the delay, the reason for the delay, and the prejudice
A party’s expenditures to prepare property to withstand or prevent potential future harm. • These costs are not related to any existing property damage and are usu. not recoverable under insurance contracts.
Insurance that is supplemental, providing coverage that exceeds the basic or usual limits of liability. — Also termed bumbershoot insurance. [Cases: Insurance 2110, 2394.]
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Overseas Private Investment Corporation. A federally chartered corporation that promotes private investment in developing countries by making or guaranteeing loans; supporting private funds that invest in foreign nations; insuring investments against political risks; and engaging in outreach activities. • It was established as an independent agency by the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of
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Judicial Article. Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which creates the Supreme Court, vests in Congress the right to create inferior courts, provides for life tenure for federal judges, and specifies the powers and jurisdiction of the federal courts. [Cases: Federal Courts 4.]