Uniform Prudent Investor Act. A 1994 model statute that sets a standard for the acts of a trustee, adopts a prudent-investor standard, and prefers a modern portfolio approach to investing. • Under the Uniform Prudent Investor Act, the trustee is given significant power to delegate the selection of investments. The prudent-investor standard replaces the prudent-person […]
uniform prudent investor act Read More »
An application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty for patent protection in specified member nations. • A PCT filing may be added as long as 30 months after the initial filing in a national patent office. It allows for simultaneous patent searches and examinations in multiple countries. — Also termed PCT application; PCT filing. See PATENT
international application Read More »
The evidentiary rule that when a piece of evidence is not itself admissible, but is ad-missible if certain other facts make it relevant, the evidence becomes admissible on condition that counsel later introduce the connecting facts. • If counsel does not satisfy this condition, the opponent is entitled to have the conditionally admitted piece of
conditional admissibility Read More »
Conformity Act or Statute 〈美〉《一致法》 1872年制定的一项联邦法律的名称，该法规定联邦地区法院的诉讼程序(衡平法和海事诉讼除外)应与当地州法院处理类似案件的诉讼程序相一致，或尽量一致。《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕在1938年生效后该法废止。
Conformity Act or Statute Read More »
Speech or Debate Clause. The clause of the U.S. Constitution giving members of Congress immunity for statements made during debate in either the House or the Senate. • This immunity is extended to other areas where it is necessary to prevent impairment of deliberations and other legitimate legislative activities, such as subpoenaing bank records for
speech or debate clause Read More »
Under ERISA, an employee benefit plan established or maintained for its employees by the federal government, state or local governments, or their agencies or instrumentalities. 29 USCA § 1002(32). • If a collective-bargaining agreement between a labor union and a governmental entity includes a benefit plan, that plan may be a governmental plan if it
et habeas ibi tunc hoc breve (et hay-bee-[schwa]s ib-I t[schwa]ngk hok bree-vee). [Latin] Hist. And that you have then and there this writ. • These were the formal words directing the return of a writ. The literal translation was retained in the later form of a considerable number of writs.
et habeas ibi tunc hoc breve Read More »
The service of process on an absent or nonresident defendant by publishing a notice in a newspaper or other public medium. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 414; Process 84–111. C.J.S. Process §§ 58–73, 76.]
service by publication Read More »
plagiarism. The deliberate and knowing presentation of another person’s original ideas or creative expressions as one’s own. • Generally, plagiarism is immoral but not illegal. If the expression’s creator gives unrestricted permission for its use and the user claims the expression as original, the user commits plagiarism but does not violate copyright laws. If the
pleading n. (1)诉讼文件；诉状 诉讼当事人交替向法庭及对方提交的书面文件，以提出诉讼请求、陈述诉讼理由或进行答辩。旧时普通法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔declaration〕、被告的答辩状〔plea〕、原告的答辩状〔replication〕、被告的次轮答辩状〔rejoinder〕、原告的次轮答辩状〔surrejoinder〕、被告的三轮答辩状〔rebutter〕、原告的三轮答辩状〔surrebutter〕。衡平法诉讼中的诉状包括原告的起诉状〔bill of complaint〕、被告的各种答辩状〔demurrer, plea, answer or disclaimer〕或其混合形式、原告的答辩状〔replication〕等。目前在英国高等法院的诉讼程序中，起诉状、被告答辩状及原告答辩状分别称为statement of claim, statement of defence和reply，其后的诉状仍旧沿用普通法诉讼中的名称。在美国，普通法上严格的诉状体系已大大得到简化，其作用也已大大降低，对事实及争议点的限定通过披露程序〔discovery〕及审前会议〔pretrial conference〕完成。根据《联邦民事诉讼程序规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕，诉状包括起诉状〔complaint〕、答辩状〔answer〕、反诉答辩状〔reply to a counterclaim〕、交叉诉讼答辩状〔answer to a cross-claim〕、第三方起诉状〔third party complaint〕及第三方答辩状〔third party answer〕。在诉讼过程中提交或使用的申请书〔motions〕、律师辩论意见书〔briefs〕、宣誓书〔affidavits〕等属于广泛意义上的法庭文件〔court papers〕，而不属于诉状。 (2)诉答；诉答程序确定和缩小诉讼争点〔issues〕范围的程序，当事人在此阶段通过提交正式书状来阐明其各自的主张。 (3)诉答规则 规范和调整原告起诉和被告答辩的法律规则。 (4)撰写诉状的技巧；辩护术