minutes. 1. Memoranda or notes of a transaction or proceeding. 2. Parliamentary law. The formal record of a deliberative assembly’s proceedings, approved (as corrected, if necessary) by the assembly. — Also termed journal; record; report. See DISPENSE WITH THE READING OF THE MINUTES; SPREAD UPON THE MINUTES . “The minutes of an organization include a […]
heir(s) n. (1)法定继承人 严格地说，该词仅指在无遗嘱的情况下继承遗产的人，而不包括根据遗嘱继承遗产的人。在更准确的意义上，1926年以前的英格兰和1965年以前的苏格兰中，该法定继承人仅指根据封建继承规则〔feudal rule of succession〕有权继承死者不动产的人，与继承死者不动产的遗嘱执行人〔executor〕或最近亲者〔next-of-kin〕相对。而所谓的封建继承规则，即以男性优先于女性、男性继承人中的长子继承制〔primogeniture〕以及代位继承〔representation〕为基础而确立的继承规则。1925年后的《遗产管理法》〔Administration of Estates Act〕将之废除，但对1926年以前使用「heir」一词的，仍依其原义。该词在美国也可指法定继承人，因此，它与其他表示法定继承人的词，如「heir at law」或「legal heir」同义，通常，仅该词即可表达法定继承人的意思。一般而言，在某人尚生存期间，并没有法定继承人，但在英文中却有若干术语对这种潜在的法定继承人〔potential heirs〕进行分类，如期待法定继承人〔expectant heir〕、将来法定继承人〔prospective heir〕(包括推定法定继承人〔heir presumptive〕和当然法定继承人〔heir apparent〕)。 (→prospective heir; heir presumptive; heir apparent) (2)继承人 在广泛意义上，指依遗嘱或法律继承死者财产的人〔successor〕。在大陆法上，该词指概括继承人〔universal successor〕,其中由遗嘱所创设的继承人称为「遗嘱继承人」〔testamentary heir〕,无遗嘱的最近亲者〔next-of-kin〕则称为「法定继承人」〔heir at law〕或「无遗嘱继承人」〔heir by intestacy〕,而普通法中的遗嘱执行人〔executor〕则在多方面对应于大陆法中的遗嘱继承人。 (→universal succession) (3)不动产法定继承人 严格言之，该词指无遗嘱时有权继承土地的人；无遗嘱的情况下有权继承动产的人，则称为动产法定继承人〔distributee〕或最近亲者。但此区别即使在一般的律师用语中亦已不再被遵循。
Epanagoge 《法律入门》 大约于公元879年在拜占廷皇帝巴西尔一世〔Basil I〕的主持下编纂的一部法典，它以优士丁尼法典和利奥三世《法律汇编》〔Ecloga〕为基础，试图对希腊法律的综合性选编工作进行介绍。最初它只涉及皇帝、牧首〔patriarch〕及其他世俗和宗教的高职人员的权利和义务。它把教会和国家视为一个由皇帝和牧首共同领导的统一体，皇帝负责促进人民的物质繁荣，牧首则负责人民的精神幸福。这种把世俗和宗教权力分开的理论一般认为是出自佛提乌〔Photius〕。但该法典从未得到过立法机关的认可。它后来成为《巴西尔法典》〔Basilica〕的基础，其部分内容还可在《斯拉夫法典》〔Slavic codes〕及《俄罗斯律书》〔Russian Book of Rules〕中找到。
local-law theory. Conflict of laws. The view that, although a court of the forum recognizes and enforces a local right (that is, one created under its own law), in a foreign-element case it does not necessarily apply the rule that would govern an analogous case of a purely domestic character, but instead takes into account
administrative law. The law governing the organization and operation of administrative agencies (including executive and independent agencies) and the relations of administrative agencies with the legislature, the execu-tive, the judiciary, and the public. • Administrative law is divided into three parts: (1) the statutes endowing agencies with powers and establishing rules of substantive law relating
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applied-art doctrine. Copyright. The rule that a pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that has an inherent use apart from its appearance, and is also an expressive work apart from its utility, may qualify for copyright protection. • Examples have included bookends, lamps, and sundials. In contrast to applied art, industrial designs are not copyrightable, although
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custom, n. 1. A practice that by its common adoption and long, unvarying habit has come to have the force of law. See USAGE. [Cases: Customs and Usages 1. C.J.S. Customs and Usages § 1.] — customary, adj. conventional custom. A custom that operates only indirectly through the medium of agreements, so that it is
suit money 〈美〉 (1)律师费 法院允予付给或判令付给一方当事人的律师费用。 (2)诉讼费用 １某些州的制定法规定，在妻子提起离婚诉讼时，丈夫应支付给妻子临时扶养费〔temporary alimony〕性质的费用，以使其能进行有效的诉讼准备和维持诉讼的进行。２许多联邦制定法中规定的对某些案件给予的律师费津贴，如追索社会保障残疾人福利之诉讼。 (→American rule; Equal Access to Justice Act)
An agency arising during an emergency that necessitates the agent’s acting without authori-zation from the principal; the relation between a person who in exigent circumstances acts in the interest of another without being authorized to do so. • It is a quasi-contractual relation formed by the operation of legal rules and not by the agreement
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Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act. A 1980 federal statute whose purpose was to force states to use reasonable efforts (1) to avoid removing children from their homes, (2) to reunite families when children had been removed because of abuse or neglect, and (3) when reunification failed, to terminate parental rights and place the children
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