illusory-transfer doctrine. The rule that the law disregards an inter vivos gift over which the donor retains so much control that there is no good-faith intent to relinquish the transferred property. • The illusory-transfer doctrine is usu. applied to inter vivos trusts in which the settlor retains an excessive control or an interest — for […]
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incorporation by reference. 1. A method of making a secondary document part of a primary document by including in the primary document a statement that the secondary document should be treated as if it were contained within the primary one. • With a contract, the document to be incorporated must be referred to and described
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ambassador. 1. A diplomatic officer of the highest rank, usu. designated by a government as its resident repre-sentative in a foreign state. • Ambassadors represent the sovereign as well as the nation and enjoy many privileges while abroad in their official capacity, including immunity. Ambassadors are distinguished from ministers and envoys, who represent only the
Twenty-third Amendment. The constitutional amendment, ratified in 1961, that allows District of Columbia residents to vote in presidential elections.
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Government National Mortgage Association. A federally owned corporation in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development responsible for guaranteeing mortgage-backed securities composed of FHA-insured or VA-guaranteed mortgage loans. • The Association purchases, on the secondary market, residential mortgages originated by local lenders; it then issues federally insured securities backed by these mortgages. — Abbr.
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Vidi scivi et audivi (vI-dIsI-vI et aw-dI-vI). Hist. I saw, knew, and heard. • This was formerly an essential part of the notary’s docket attached to the end of an instrument of seisin, by which the notary claimed to have been personally present on the ground when seisin was given and thus to have known
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A security that, after an initial or secondary offering, is traded in the open market at a substantially higher price. — Also termed hot stock.
gibbet (jib-it), n. Hist. A post with one arm extending from the top, from which criminals are either executed by hanging or suspended after death as a warning to other potential offenders; a type of gallows. double gibbet. A gibbet with two arms extending from its top so that it resembles a capital “T.”
plain-language law. Legislation requiring nontechnical, readily comprehensible language in consumer contracts such as residential leases or insurance policies. • Many of these laws have genuinely simplified the needlessly obscure language in which consumer contracts have traditionally been couched. [Cases: Consumer Protection 6; Insurance 1773. C.J.S. Credit Reporting Agencies; Consumer Protection §§ 29–31, 33–39, 60–65; Insurance
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constructive treason 〈英〉推定叛国 一种学说，认定合谋实施可能危害国王生命的行为就是公开图谋杀害国王的叛国行为。该学说导致1795年英国通过了《叛国罪法》〔Treason Act〕。由于推定叛国试图凭借旁证〔circumstantiality〕而不是严格依照法律来定罪，因此对公共自由〔public freedom〕极为有害。
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