district school
A public school contained in and maintained by a school district. See SCHOOL DISTRICT.
Search Results for: SCHOOL DISTRICT
public school
An elementary, middle, or high school established under state law, regulated by the local state authorities in the various political subdivisions, funded and maintained by public taxation, and open and free to all children of the particular district where the school is located. — Also termed common school. [Cases: Schools 11. C.J.S. Schools and School
gun free schools act
Gun-Free Schools Act. A federal law designed to eliminate weapons in schools. 20 USCA § 8921. • The Gun-Free Schools Act provides that each state receiving federal funds under the Act must require school districts to expel for one year any student found to have brought a weapon to school. The Act does, however, provide
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centralization of schools
centralization of schools 〈美〉学校集中化运动 为了发展教育，提高管理效率，将镇〔township〕或镇的某部分、县或县的某部分相互之间依具体情况结合为若干个集中区〔centralized district〕，统一规划、设置学校，实行集中管理。
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school
school, n. 1. An institution of learning and education, esp. for children. [Cases: Schools 11. C.J.S. Schools and School Districts §§ 4, 74, 76, 396–398.] “Although the word ‘school’ in its broad sense includes all schools or institutions, whether of high or low degree, the word ‘school’ frequently has been defined in constitutions and statutes
school board
school board. An administrative body, made up of a number of directors or trustees, responsible for overseeing public schools within a city, county, or district. Cf. BOARD OF EDUCATION. [Cases: Schools 51. C.J.S. Schools and School Districts §§ 110–111.]
private school
A school maintained by private individuals, religious organizations, or corporations, funded, at least in part, by fees or tuition, and open only to pupils selected and admitted based on religious affiliations or other particular qualifications. [Cases: Schools 1. C.J.S. Schools and School Districts §§ 2, 807.]
diploma
diploma. 1. Roman law. A letter giving permission to use the imperial post. 2. Hist. A royal charter; letters patent. 3. A document that evidences or memorializes graduation from a school or society. Cf. DEGREE(6). [Cases: Schools 178. C.J.S. Schools and School Districts §§ 803–806.] 4. A document that evidences a license or privilege to
symbolic speech
symbolic speech 〈美〉象征性言论 表达某种思想并非一定要通过「纯言语」〔pure speech〕——口头或书面语言方式，有时有效传达信息需要比言语更多的东西。如对某一政治统治的抗议和蔑视常采用绝食的方式，而对一项公共政策的不满采用悬挂通用的具有象征意义的标志常常更有效果。在美国，把这种通过使用某种标志，甚至某种行为或举止来表达对某一主题的观点或看法的方式，称之为象征性言论。美国最高法院已经判定宪法第一条修正案保护非言语性表达方式〔nonverbal expression〕，但在具体案件中宪法第一条修正案对象征性言论的保护程度仍然存在问题。在1931年的施特龙贝格诉加利福尼亚〔Stromberg v. California〕一案中美国最高法院首次肯定了使用象征性言论的宪法权利，在该案中最高法院宣布一项禁止悬挂红旗以示反对政府的法律无效。不过法院一直努力在防止有害行为与保护反对政府的象征性言论之间保持平衡。在评判对像征性言论的控制时，法院主要考虑这种控制是抑制了这种言论所传递的内容还是只控制了相伴随的行为。在1968年的美国诉奥布赖恩〔United States v. O’ Brien〕一案，最高法院就维持了一项禁止焚烧兵役应征卡〔draft card〕的联邦法律，因为该法的目的不是压制反战抗议者言论自由的权利，而是在有效管理国家兵役制方面维护合法政府的利益。但在1969年廷克诉德什·马伊内斯校区案〔Tinker v. Des Moines School District〕中，最高法院判定阻止佩带黑袖章〔black armbands〕的学生抗议越南战争〔Vietnam War〕的行为违反了学生的宪法第一条修正案所赋予的权利，因为校方意图阻止的不是学生可能造成的破坏行为，而是学生抗议的反战思想。最近，美国最高法院又在得克萨斯诉约翰逊案 (1989)〔Texas v. Johnson〕和美国诉艾希曼案 (1990)〔United States v. Eichman〕中宣布试图惩罚焚烧美国国旗以示不满的个人的州和联邦法律无效。