A life tenant not automatically entitled to possession but who makes an election allowed by law to a person of that status — such as a spouse — and to whom a court will normally grant possession if security or an undertaking is given. [Cases: Life Estates 1, 6. C.J.S. Estates §§ 28–29, 31, 34, […]
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property of the estate. Bankruptcy. The debtor’s tangible and intangible property interests (including both legal and equitable interests) that fall under the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction because they were owned or held by the debtor when the bankruptcy petition was filed. 11 USCA § 541. — Also termed estate’s property. [Cases: Bankruptcy 2491–2559. C.J.S. Bankruptcy §§
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legal life estate 普通法上的终身地产(权) 与衡平法上的终身地产权〔equitable life estate〕相对，指依普通法规定而获得的、持有人可以终身享有、但不得被他人继承的地产，如寡妇或鳏夫从亡夫或亡妻财产中获得的财产〔dower or curtesy〕，不同于因遗嘱或转让而产生的终身地产。
bargain and sale. 1. A negotiated transaction, usu. for goods, services, or real property. 2. Hist. A written agreement for the sale of land whereby the buyer would give valuable consideration (recited in the agreement) without having to enter the land and perform livery of seisin, so that the parties equitably “raised a use” in
equity to a settlement. A wife’s equitable right, arising when her husband sues in equity for the reduction of her equitable estate to his own possession, to have all or part of that estate settled upon herself and her children. — Also termed wife’s equity; wife’s settlement. [Cases: Husband and Wife 12.]
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ownership n. 所有权 一个人享有的对某物〔thing〕独占性的支配权，是对物的占有、使用和以出租、出借、设定担保、转让、赠与、交换等方式予以处分等权利的集合，也是法律承认权利人对作为权利客体的物——包括有形财产与无形财产所享有的最充分、最完整、最广泛的权利。但是所有权人可以将组成所有权的权利中的一项或多项暂时处分给他人而不影响其所有权人地位，除非其永久性地放弃对物的控制权。所有权可以分为完全所有权〔absolute ownership〕与受限制的所有权〔qualified (restricted) ownership〕。完全所有权为正常意义、权能完整的所有权概念，所有权人在理论上对物拥有无限的支配权，只受适用于全部物的所有权人的一般法律限制——例如相邻权或不得妨害他人——的约束。然而完全所有权的概念不适用于土地及固定在土地上的房屋等附属物，因为根据英格兰普通法，除国王之外的任何人都不享有对土地的完全所有权，而只能基于封建土地分封关系享有某项地产权〔estate〕，其中权能最充分、实质上与完全所有权概念一致的是自由继承地产权〔fee simple〕。因此，人们可以用ownership of an estate in land表达一项地产权的归属，而不能用absolute ownership of land表达对土地的完全所有权。这一观念同样为美国及其他普通法国家所继受。受限制的所有权存在于下述所有权人的权利受到某种制约的情况下：１多人共同享有同一物的所有权，即共有〔co-ownership〕及信托关系中受托人与受益人对信托财产分别享有名义所有权〔nominal ownership〕或普通法所有权〔legal ownership〕及受益所有权〔beneficial ownership〕或衡平法所有权〔equitable ownership〕的情况；２享有所有权的时间受限制——例如终身地产权〔estate for life〕或承租人的权利——或被推延——例如剩余地产权〔remainder〕或归复地产权〔reversion〕；３所有权人对物的使用或处分受到某种限制——例如一定期限内不得转让。
reversion, n. 1. The interest that is left after subtracting what the transferor has parted with from what the transferor originally had; specif., a future interest in land arising by operation of law whenever an estate owner grants to another a particular estate, such as a life estate or a term of years, but does
The right to immediate possession of a freehold estate in land, as when an heir inherits land but has not yet entered it. — Also termed legal seisin; constructive seisin; equitable seisin; fictitious seisin. [Cases: Property 10. C.J.S. Property §§ 27–31, 33.]
Law of Property Act，1925 〈英〉《财产法》 1926、1929、1932、1964和1969年多次修订。该法统一和修订了英国的土地法律，目的是简化土地的转让手续。根据该法，除无条件继承不动产〔fee simple in possession〕、不动产定期租赁〔term of years absolute〕以及某些无形可继承不动产〔incorporeal hereditament〕继续作为法律上的不动产〔legal estates〕外，其余类型的法律上的不动产自1926年1月1日起转为衡平法上的权益〔equitable interests〕。转为衡平法权益的主要有：土地共有权〔tenancies in common〕或土地的不可分割的共有权〔undivided shares in land〕、限定继承的不动产〔entailed estates〕、终身保有不动产〔estates for life〕、确定或不确定的剩余不动产〔estates in remainder, vested or contingent〕、未成年人不能持有的法律上的不动产〔legal estate not being capable of being held by an infant〕等。变更的目的在于法律上的不动产的完整权益应掌握在成年所有人或共同所有人手中，使其能将全部不动产转让给支付对价的买方，而毋须衡平法权益持有人的同意，后者的利益则从「法律的帘幕后」〔behind the legal curtain〕得到保障，即此类权益已从土地转化成土地买价或地租，从中得到补偿。但1972年《土地负担法》〔Land Charges Act〕对已登记的衡平法上的权益和某些法律上的负担在某种程度上仍予以保护。此外，1925年12月31日以前存在的旧财产法，除新法已经明文变更的部分之外，仍可以适用于1926年前的不动产及其有关权益。
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Bankruptcy. An equitable principle that when a new lender makes a loan to enable a debtor to pay off a specified creditor, the funds are specifically set aside for that creditor so that, if the debtor lacks control over the disposition of the funds, they do not become part of the debtor’s estate and thus
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