defensor civitatis (di-fen-s[schwa]r siv-i-tay-tis). [Latin “defender of the city”] Roman law. An officer conducting public business, including protecting people, esp. the poor, from legal injustices, adjudicating certain minor offenses and pecuniary matters, and acting as a notary in the execution of a will or other transfer. — Often shortened to defensor.
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pinkerton. Slang. A private detective or security guard, usu. one who is armed. • The name comes from the Pinkerton Detective Agency, the first private detective agency in the United States, established in 1852.
emergency doctrine. 1. A legal principle exempting a person from the ordinary standard of reasonable care if that person acted instinctively to meet a sudden and urgent need for aid. — Also termed imminent-peril doctrine; sudden-emergency doctrine; sudden-peril doctrine. [Cases: Negligence 291. C.J.S. Negligence §§ 69–73.] 2. A legal principle by which consent to medical
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petroleum-conservation law. Oil & gas. A state law that limits the rule of capture and defines the correlative-rights doctrine by regulating the drilling and operation of oil-and-gas wells. • Petroleum-conservation laws are intended to prevent waste and protect correlative rights.
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A lockout that is called to prevent imminent and irreparable financial harm to the company or to protect a legal right. • Defensive lockouts were legal, but the U.S. Supreme Court abolished the distinction between defensive and offensive lockouts in favor of a balancing test. American Ship Bldg. Co. v. NLRB, 380 U.S. 300, 85
dispute-resolution procedure. Intellectual property. A mechanism for resolving international grievances over intellectual-property protection, conducted by the World Trade Organization under the TRIPs Agreement. • The procedure begins with a complaint by one nation against another, followed by consultations between the nations, a WTO panel report on the issue, and (potentially) trade sanctions against one of
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communication. 1. The expression or exchange of information by speech, writing, gestures, or conduct; the process of bringing an idea to another’s perception. 2. The information so expressed or exchanged. conditionally privileged communication. A defamatory statement made in good faith by a person with an interest in a subject to someone who also has an
tutelage (t[y]oo-t[schwa]-lij), n. 1. The act of protecting or guiding; guardianship. 2. Int’l law. The state of being under the care and management of an international organization such as the League of Nations or United Nations. • This term applies, for example, to the status of a people who do not yet benefit from a
parallel research. Intellectual property. The coincident but independent development of similar information or ideas by more than one person. • Parallel research may be offered to establish an independent-conception defense. If more than one person independently reaches the same result, each may protect the product as a trade secret.
bancus (bang-k[schwa]s). [Law Latin “bench”] Hist. English law. A court or tribunal. bancus publicus. See bancus superior. bancus reginae (bang-k[schwa]s r[schwa]-jI-nee). See QUEEN’S BENCH. bancus regis (bang-k[schwa]s ree-j[schwa]s). See KING’S BENCH. bancus superior (bang-k[schwa]s s[schwa]-peer-ee-[schwa]r). Upper bench. • The King’s Bench was so called during the Protectorate (1653–1659). — Abbr. b.s. — Also termed bancus