loss n. (1)损失；损害 用于此含义时，该词意义不定，多与「damage」、「detriment」、「injury」、「deprivation」等词同义。既指经济上的损失，亦指因人身伤害而导致的损害。在保险法中，保单上使用该词是指一种被丢失、破坏或毁损灭失的事实状态。在劳工赔偿法、社会保障法或残疾保险合同有关残疾利益取得的规定中，它是指部分或永久地丧失眼睛、肢体等的器官功能。 (2)损失额 常用于保险条款中，尤指诸如部分损失〔partial loss〕、全部损失〔total loss〕、实际全损〔actual total loss〕或推定全损〔constructive total loss〕等。 (3)(财务)损失；亏损 因任何原因而造成的财务上的损害，例如：供货后无法取得债务人款项；货物的售价低于成本；管理费用高于销售利润总额等。 (4)剥夺；丧失
economic-realities test. A method by which a court determines the true nature of a business transaction or situation by examining the totality of the commercial circumstances. • Courts often use this test to determine whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor. Factors include whether the alleged employer controls the details of the
economic realities test Read More »
market share. The percentage of the market for a product that a firm supplies, usu. calculated by dividing the firm’s output by the total market output. • In antitrust law, market share is used to measure a firm’s market power, and if the share is high enough — generally 70% or more — then the
A loss of part of the insured property; damage not amounting to a total loss. Cf. total loss. [Cases: Insurance 2177. C.J.S. Insurance § 1104.]
tout ensemble (toot oni-soin-bl[schwa]), n. [French “all together”] The overall visual effect of a design; general effect. • The phrase denotes a way of comparing two designs, by looking at the total impact rather than comparing individual design elements. That is the technique used in determining whether a design infringes someone’s trade-dress rights, or whether
step-in-the-dark rule. Torts. The contributory-negligence rule that a person who enters a totally unfamiliar area in the darkness has a duty, in the absence of unusual stress, to refrain from proceeding until first ascertaining the existence of any dangerous obstacles. See contributory negligence under NEGLIGENCE. [Cases: Negligence 1286(8). C.J.S. Negligence § 640.]
step in the dark rule Read More »
de non decimando (dee non des-[schwa]-man-doh), n. [Law Latin “of not paying tithes”] Eccles. law. A claim for release from paying a tithe. — Also termed modus de non decimando. “A prescription de non decimando is a claim to be entirely discharged of tithes, and to pay no compensation in lieu of them. Thus the
capitalization ratio. The ratio between the amount of capital raised and the total capitalization of the firm. — Also termed capital ratio.
capitalization ratio Read More »
Average resulting from an intentional partial sacrifice of ship or cargo to avoid total loss. • The liability is shared by all parties who had an interest in the voyage. — Abbr. GA. — Also termed gross average; general-average contribution. [Cases: Shipping 186–202. C.J.S. Shipping §§ 458–470.]
The cost of a single unit of a product or service; the total manufacturing cost divided by the number of units.