junior-right
junior-right n. 〈英〉幼子继承权 亦称为borough English,指幼子优先于其它兄长继承其父遗产的权利。 (→borough-English)
firma burgi 〈拉〉自治市固定收入权 中世纪自治市〔burgh; borough〕收取自己的通行税〔toll〕、地租〔rent〕及其它收入的权利,自治市市民〔burgesses〕为取得该权利,应获得国王或自治市其他领主的许可,并向其交付一笔固定的款项。
primogeniture (prI-m[schwa]-jen-[schwa]-ch[schwa]r). 1. The state of being the firstborn child among siblings. 2. The common-law right of the firstborn son to inherit his ancestor’s estate, usu. to the exclusion of younger siblings. — Also termed (in sense 2) primogenitureship. See BOROUGH ENGLISH . [Cases: Descent and Distribution 7.] “If by primogeniture we only mean ‘that
Hist. In England, a person whose right of inheritance depends on a particular and local custom, such as gavelkind and borough English. See GAVELKIND; BOROUGH ENGLISH.
burgage (b[schwa]r-gij). Hist. 1. A type of socage tenure in which tenants paid annual rents to the lord of the borough. See SOCAGE. 2. Scots law. The tenure by which a burgh held its land of the king, the service due being watching and warding. See WATCH AND WARD. — Also termed burgage tenure.
communis patria (k[schwa]-myoo-nis pay-tree-[schwa]). [Law Latin] Hist. The common country; a place deemed home to all. “Under the old diligence of apprising, directed against heritable rights, the messenger executing the diligence held his court in the head borough of the shire where the lands lay, but afterwards it became the practice to hold these courts
corpus cum causa (kor-p[schwa]s k[schwa]m kaw-z[schwa]). [Law Latin “the body with the cause”] Hist. A writ issuing out of Chancery to remove both a person and a record from an inferior court in order to review a judgment issued by the inferior court. “The first use of the writ to challenge imprisonment was in cases
recorder. 1. Hist. A magistrate with criminal jurisdiction in some British cities or boroughs. 2. A municipal judge with the criminal jurisdiction of a magistrate or a police judge and sometimes also with limited civil jurisdiction. 3. A municipal or county officer who keeps public records such as deeds, liens, and judgments. court recorder. A
House of Commons 〈英〉下议院;下院;平民院 英国两院制立法机构中,由选举产生的议院。虽为下院,但它实际上是两院中权力更大、作用更突出的议院。下议院源于13世纪,当时国王为满足自己的需要,从各郡召集两名骑士——之后是自治市〔borough〕的显要自由民(市民)——开会批准募征新的款项。1275年爱德华一世〔Edward I〕召开了他的「第一次大议会」〔first general Parliament〕,参加者不仅有国王的主要顾问即王国的伯爵〔earls〕、男爵〔barons〕和显要教土,而且有骑士、显要市民和普通市民。1325年以后国王定期召集各社区的代表或公社的代表(平民)前去开会。爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ〕统治时,为征收额外款项,他不得不定期召开议会,平民代表开始把款项的批准与纠正社会疾苦连接起来。14世纪,平民代表屡次有意与伯爵、男爵分庭开会,从而使议会最终发展为下议院〔House of Commons〕和上议院〔House of Lords〕。经过都铎王朝〔Tudors〕和斯图亚特王朝〔Stuart〕的发展,下议院逐步确立了其重要地位,尤其经过18世纪中后期扩大选民资格的改革,真正代表选民的下议院取得了两院中较高的地位。目前下议院共有650个议席,其中英格兰占523席,威尔士占38席、苏格兰72席、北爱尔兰有17席。下议院的职能主要有:1代表民意;2通过预算决议〔Budget resolutions〕和年度财政法案〔annual Finance Bill〕控制财政;3通过下列方法制定和控制政策:对女王的演说〔Queen’s Speech〕作出答覆;审议预算和统一基金法案〔Consolidated Fund Bills〕;提出实质性〔substantive〕动议和休会动议;向内阁提出质询;4讨论下列立法:公法案〔Public Bills〕,私法案〔Private Bills〕,委任立法;5通过特别委员会〔select committee〕监督行政机关。下议院审议和通过立法以历时已久的固定程序进行,包括:正式一读(提出法案时);二读,讨论并通过法案的基本原则;委员会阶段,法案被送至各个委员会——通常是常设委员会〔standing committee〕,有时是全院委员会〔Committee of the whole House〕详细讨论;报告阶段;对委员会所作的变动(及新的修正案)进行审议;三读,法案得到最终通过。下院随后还有可能考虑上院对该法案提出的修正案。
burgess (b[schwa]r-jis). Hist. 1. An inhabitant or freeman of a borough or town. 2. A magistrate of a borough. 3. A person entitled to vote at elections. 4. A representative of a borough or town in Parliament. “[Burgesses] are properly Men of Trade, or the Inhabitants of a Borow or Walled Town; yet we usually