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chad

chad. The small bit of precut paper that is attached to a punch-card ballot by several points and punched out by a voter to cast a vote. • Because most punch-card ballots are machine-read, the chad must be completely separated from the ballot for the vote to be counted. The results of the closely contested […]

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Court of Common Pleas

Court of Common Pleas (1)〈英〉皇家民事法庭;民诉法庭;普通民事诉讼法庭 1875年之前英格兰最重要的三个中央法庭之一,12世纪开始逐渐从御前会议〔Curia Regis〕中分离出来,它不同于随国王流动的法庭。《大宪章》〔Magna Carta〕第17条规定,皇家民事法庭应设于特定地点,后来该庭设于威斯敏斯特,1272年任命了独立的皇家民事法庭首席法官〔Chief Justice of the Common Pleas〕。该法庭受理私人之间的民事诉讼,在该法庭可以提起全部的不动产权益之诉〔real action〕以及旧时个人间的债务之诉〔action of debt〕、扣留财物之诉〔action of detinue〕、报账之诉〔action of account〕和允诺契据之诉〔action of covenant〕,这使它成为中世纪英格兰最活跃的普通法法院。后来王座法庭〔Court of King’s Bench〕和财税法庭〔Court of Exchequer〕通过拟制也获得了对于一些动产诉讼的管辖权,但皇家民事法庭对不动产权益诉讼的排它管辖权一直持续到19世纪。该法庭对地方法庭和采邑法庭行使监督权,不服其判决最初可上诉至王座法庭,后来改为上诉至财政署内室法庭〔exchequer chamber〕。17世纪时该法庭取得了发布禁止令状〔writ of prohibition〕和人身保护令〔habeas corpus〕的一般管辖权;19世纪时还取得了对校勘律师〔revising barrister〕的上诉、反对国会选举的请愿等的排它管辖权。该法庭属高级的存卷法庭,由一名首席法官和五名助理法官组成,依据1873-1875年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Acts〕,它被并入新的高等法院〔High Court of Justice〕,其原有的管辖权除对选举事务的管辖权外均归高等法院的民事分庭〔Common Plea Division〕行使,1880年,高等民事分庭和财税分庭〔Exchequer Division〕被并入王座分庭〔Queen’s Bench Division〕。兰开斯特民事法庭〔Court of Common Pleas at Lancaster〕是一个具有地方普通法管辖权的特权法庭〔Palatine Court〕,依据1873年《司法组织法》,其管辖权亦转归高等法院。 (2)〈美〉普通法院 对民事和刑事诉讼具有一般管辖权的法院,美国殖民地时期普通法院由英王任命的法官主持,一般为县法院,独立后某些州也将具有一般管辖权的法院称为普通法院,例如在宾夕法尼亚州,该院对于民、刑事诉讼均有管辖权。现已废除,其管辖权被转归区法院、巡回法院或高级法院。

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amber alert

Amber Alert. A system by which the police can rapidly broadcast to the general public a report of a missing or endangered child by means of radio and television announcements. • The alert is named for Amber Hagerman of Texas, a nine-year-old who was abducted and murdered in 1996 by an unknown person. The system

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Carroll doctrine

Carroll doctrine 〈美〉卡罗尔原则 源于1958年卡罗尔广播公司诉美国联邦电讯委员会案〔Carroll Broadcasting Co. v. FCC〕。哥伦比亚特区巡回法庭〔D.C.Circuit〕认为,当新的竞争性业务对现有广播站「可能造成经济影响并在一定程度上给公众利益带来损害」时,联邦电讯委员会必须举行听证会确定是否授予该竞争性业务的许可。卡罗尔原则通常适用于有关广播的案件,用以保护超高频〔U.H.F.〕电视台与甚高频电视台〔V.H.F.〕的业务竞争。它是联邦电讯委员会保护超高频电视台的政策的一部分。

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sterilization

sterilization. 1. The act of making (a person or other living thing) permanently unable to reproduce. 2. The act of depriving (a person or other living thing) of reproductive organs; esp., castration. — Also termed (in both senses) asexualization.

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blank

blank. Parliamentary law. 1. A ballot cast without a vote, effectively an abstention. 2. A name, number, time, or other term left open in a motion, to be filled in by vote after taking proposals from the floor. • An election is a common form of filling a blank: each nomination is effectively a proposal

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