To scrutinize particular items in an account to show items that were not credited as required (to surcharge) and to prove that certain items were wrongly inserted (to falsify). • The courts of chancery usu. granted plaintiffs the opportunity to surcharge and falsify accounts that the defendant alleged to be settled.
surcharge and falsify Read More »
petty assise (英格兰古法)小咨审团；不动产权益占有之诉；地产占有诉讼令 陪审团的真正渊源一般被认为是威廉一世从大陆引进的法兰克人式的调查方法〔Frankish Inquest〕，在末日审判〔Domesday〕大清查时运用了这一方法。亨利二世将其引进到王室政府的所有行政部门中。关于地产权益诉讼的最早形式是权利诉讼，它在领主法庭举行，实行神明裁判或决斗。为了加强中央集权，扩大王室法庭的管辖权，亨利二世时为当事人提供了保护「占有」而非「所有」的更为便捷的救济方式，共四种，即新侵占之诉、收回继承地之诉、地产性质之诉和圣职推荐之诉，称为不动产权益占有之诉。之所以将它们归为一类，是因为相应法令规定此类诉讼程序使用同一类咨审团进行审理，即国王文秘署〔Chancery〕签发给争议土地所在郡郡长一项令状，令其召集当地12名守法男子组成咨审团，回答令状中所包含的问题，这类问题一般涉及争议中的土地是否被侵占。咨审团的答覆构成咨审团裁决〔verdict〕，这一裁决呈递给巡回至该郡的巡回法官〔Justices of Assize〕。——注意到前面提及的那一系列法令的名称同时也是启动诉讼的令状名称及该诉讼程序的名称——咨审团成员是依自己的智识而不是靠询问证人来形成判断，这一点与现代陪审制度不同。 (=petite assize; possessory assizes) (→assize of novel disseisin; assize of mort d’ancestor; assize of darrein presentment; assize of utrum; assize; grand assize)
attorney n. 代理人；法律事务代理人；律师 １在英国旧时，代理人分为私人代理人〔private attorney〕和法律事务代理人〔attorney at law〕。前者又称为事实代理人〔attorney in fact〕，指接受委托而代替他人从事一定行为的人。委托代理人的文书叫作代理授权书〔power or letter of attorney〕。法律事务代理人过去是指被准许在西敏的较高级别的普通法法院执业的人，他们相当于在衡平法院执业的事务律师〔solicitor〕，及在海事法院、教会法院、遗嘱检验法院和离婚法院执业的代诉人〔proctor〕。自1292年开始，法律事务代理人成为一种单独的律师种类。1574年枢密院下令将法律事务代理人和事务律师排除在伦敦四大律师公会〔Inns of Court〕之外，此后他们便开始加入到预备律师公会〔Inns of Chancery〕中去。中世纪时的法律授权由法官来接收和管理他们，其成为法院的官员并受法院纪律的约束，对之培训主要采用学徒制。从1831年起，若想获准成为法律事务代理人或事务律师必须通过考试。在实践当中，法律事务代理人也是事务律师，只有在普通法法院的正式诉讼程序中才称为法律事务代理人。1873年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Act〕废除了这一称谓，而将所有的法律事务代理人、事务律师、代诉人统一称为「最高法院的事务律师」〔solicitor of the Supreme Court of Judicature〕。２在美国，该词在一般意义上即指律师，与attorney at law或counselor at law同义。
writ of error. 1. A writ issued by an appellate court directing a lower court to deliver the record in the case for review. Cf. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR. [Cases: Appeal and Error 5, 398. C.J.S. Appeal and Error §§ 9–12, 18, 356, 724.] “The writ of error is the most common of all the forms
Central Office. The primary office for most of England’s courts. • The Central Office was established in 1879 to consolidate the masters and associates of the common-law courts, and the clerical functions of the Crown Office of the Queen’s Bench Division, the Report and Enrollment offices of the Chancery Division, and several other offices.
clean-hands doctrine. The principle that a party cannot seek equitable relief or assert an equitable defense if that party has violated an equitable principle, such as good faith. • Such a party is described as having “unclean hands.” For example, § 8 of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act contains an unclean-hands provision that forbids
clean hands doctrine Read More »
charge and discharge. Equity practice. Court-ordered account filings by a plaintiff and a defendant. • The plaintiff’s account (charge) and the defendant’s response (discharge) were filed with a master in chancery.
charge and discharge Read More »
de procedendo ad judicium (dee proh-s[schwa]-den-doh ad joo-dish-ee-[schwa]m), n. [Law Latin “for proceeding in an assize”] Hist. A chancery writ ordering a lower court to proceed to judgment in a case that had been wrongfully stayed. • If the lower-court justices refused, they could be punished for contempt.
de procedendo ad judicium Read More »
petition of right. 1. (cap.) One of the four great charters of English liberty (3 Car. (1628)), establishing that “no man be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or such like charge, without common consent by act of parliament.” • The other three great charters are Magna Carta, the Habeas Corpus
gage of land 〈英〉土地质押 将土地交付他人占有，以作为债务担保。其最初有多种形式，但基本特征是移转占有。如果土地收益是用来扣减债务的，则该种质押属于合法，否则即为高利贷，被称为死质〔mortuum vadium〕或抵押〔mortgage〕。后将土地质押转化为土地保有权，出售一定年限的土地使用权作为定金或附条件转让，即到期未偿还债务，承租人就有权绝对占有土地。此后又允许抵押人〔mortgagor〕保留土地占有，并最终在16世纪通过衡平法院〔Chancery〕的干预，形成了不动产抵押回赎〔redemption〕的衡平法理论。