A writ commencing an action and directing the defendant to appear and answer. • In the United States, this writ has been largely superseded by the summons. At common law, this type of writ was a mandatory letter issuing from the court of chancery under the great seal, and in the king’s name, directed to […]
chief clerks 〈英〉主书记官；首席书记官 根据1852年的一项法律，任命了8位主书记官代替衡平法院的主事官。根据1867年《衡平法院官员法》〔Court of Chancery Officers Act〕，四位法官中每位法官已配备一名主书记官的再增加一位主书记官。1873年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Act〕将这些主书记官调至最高法院。1897年，根据御前大臣的命令，他们被授予「最高法院主事官」的称号。
Court of Appeal. An English court of civil and criminal appellate jurisdiction established by the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875. • The court is made up of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls, President of the Family Division, Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division, former Lord Chancellors, Lords of Appeal in
conveyancing counsel. Three to six lawyers who are appointed by the Lord Chancellor to assist the High Court of Justice with opinions in matters of property titles and conveyancing. — Also termed conveyancing counsel of the Supreme Court; (formerly) conveyancing counsel to the Court of Chancery.
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Court of Exchequer 〈英〉财税法庭 从御前会议〔Curia Regis〕中分出的四个机构中的一个。12世纪时，财政署〔Exchequer〕从御前会议中独立出来，但在1200年以前，它的财政机构〔receipt of Exchequer〕和司法机构〔court of Exchequer〕并未分开。1312年任命了第一位财税法庭首席法官〔Chief Baron〕，从此财税法庭就作为司法机构独立存在。到16世纪中叶，其管辖权几乎一直只限于税收案件，但后来它通过拟制〔fiction〕而获得了对普通臣民之间民事诉讼的管辖权，因此而具有辅助性的普通法和衡平法管辖权。作为税收法庭〔court of revenue〕，它就国王与国王账目官之间、国王与纳税人之间的纠纷作出裁决。根据通过拟制获取普通民事诉讼管辖权的令状〔quo minus〕而获得普通法管辖权后，它作为普通法法庭，对于普通臣民之间除了不动产权益诉讼〔real action〕以外其它形式的诉讼都有管辖权。根据《斯卡卡里程序惯例》〔cursus scaccarii〕，财税法庭也具有某些衡平法上的管辖权，而且它通过简单的权力推定最终取得了一般的衡平法管辖权。1841年，财税法庭的衡平法管辖权被移交给御前大臣法庭〔Court of Chancery〕。财税法庭属存卷法庭〔court of record〕，由6名法官组成。依据1873-1875年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Act〕，财税法庭被并入高等法院〔High Court of Justice〕，其审判权由高等法院财税分庭〔Exchequer Division〕行使，1881年财税分庭又被并入王座分庭〔King’s Bench and Common Pleas〕。 (→baron; supreme court; Exchequer)
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divisional courts 〈英〉高等法院各分庭 在英格兰和威尔士，由高等法院各庭〔Divisions of the High Court〕的两名或两名以上的法官组成，负责审理那些不能由一名法官审理的初审案件和上诉案件。分为王座分庭〔Queen’s Bench Division〕、衡平分庭〔Chancery Division〕和家事分庭〔Family Division〕，各分庭均依原法庭享有相应管辖权。有关这些分庭民事判决的上诉要到上诉法院〔Court of Appeals〕 。(→Divisions of the High Court)
Hist. An attaching process that empowered a layperson to arrest and bring a defendant to Chancery to enforce obedience to a writ of subpoena or decree. • The commission of rebellion was abolished in 1841. — Also termed writ of rebellion; commissio rebellionis; breve rebellionis.
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excommunicato capiendo (eks-k[schwa]-myoo-ni-kay-toh kap-ee-en-doh). [Latin] Hist. Eccles. law. A writ that, being founded on a bishop’s certificate of excommunication, required the sheriff to arrest and imprison the defendant. • The writ issued out of chancery and was returnable to the King’s Bench. Cf. DE CONTUMACE CAPIENDO.
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de contumace capiendo 〈英〉逮捕藐视法庭者的令状 英格兰衡平法庭〔English court of chancery〕签发的逮捕被教会法院〔ecclesiastical court〕宣布为藐视法庭者的令状。
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Lord Chancellor 〈英〉御前大臣 一译「大法官」。御前大臣这一官职相当古老且地位尊显，地位仅次于王室成员和坎特伯雷大主教〔Archbishop of Canterbury〕。它是从皇家文秘署首长〔Royal secretariat〕一职演变而来。「chancellor」来源于「屏风」〔cancelli〕一词。在中古世纪时，文秘署的官员，即皇家书记官们坐在屏风后作记录。御前大臣职位的重要性来自于掌管国玺〔Keeper of the Great Seal〕这一重要职责以及作为御前会议的重要成员的地位。事实上，在中世纪，御前大臣在英格兰政治生活中的地位类似于现代的首相，而并非司法性质的。但由于普通法上的诉讼开始令状〔original writ〕由御前大臣所主持的文秘署签发，通过这种方式，御前大臣与司法发生联系。随着文秘署分离一部分职能进行司法活动，而逐渐演变成一个衡平法院〔court of chancery〕，御前大臣对司法的影响日益增强。时至今日，其职位基本上是司法性质的。一般认为，御前大臣的职位是立法权、司法权和行政权统一的象征。他是内阁成员，类似于司法大臣，由首相提名，王室任命，随其所属党派下台而去职。同时也是上议院议长，枢密院〔privy council〕当然成员，最高法院〔Supreme Court of Judicature〕院长，高等法院衡平分庭〔Chancery Division of the High Court〕庭长，上诉法院〔Court of Appeal〕当然成员。此外国家档案局〔Public Record Office〕亦由御前大臣领导。 (=Lord High Chancellor)